The Effects of Fluid Viscosity and Density on Proppant Transport in Complex Slot Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashtiwi Bahri ◽  
Jennifer Miskimins
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Density ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Glycerin Solution ◽  
Injection Rates

Abstract The main functions of hydraulic fracturing fluids are to create a fracture network and to carry and place the proppant into the created fractures networks, thus, adding to fracture conductivity. Significant research has been performed to develop ideal fracturing fluid systems. The development focus has mainly been on optimization of a fluid rheology that can transport and place the proppant into the primary and any subsidiary fractures with less damage to the formation and at a lower cost. The main goal of this work is to add to the understanding and optimization of proppant transport in complex hydraulic fracture networks. Specifically for this study, focus is placed on two different fluids, water-glycerin solution and water-sodium chloride solution, representing varying fluid densities and viscosities. The effects of changing fluid viscosities, densities, proppant densities, proppant sizes, proppant concentrations, and slurry injection rates on proppant transport were then experimentally investigated. This experimental work shows that viscosity has a greater impact on the proppant transport than fluid density does, thus implying a larger impact on the resulting fracture conductivity. The results of this work show that a water-glycerin solution, with a viscosity of 4.3 cp, has significant proppant carrying capacity with proppants delivered uniformly to greater distances. On the other hand, the results show that a water-sodium chloride solution of 9.24 ppg density has less capability to carry the proppant deep into the fractures indicating that viscosity has a greater impact on the proppant transport than fluid density does. The lab results also showed that increasing proppant concentrations and injection rates has a positive impact on proppant transport.

The Effects of Fluid Viscosity and Density on Proppant Transport in Complex Slot Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ashtiwi Bahri ◽  
Jennifer Miskimins
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Proppant Transport ◽  
Glycerin Solution ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Injection Rates

Summary In this paper, we discuss proppant transport behavior in a complex slot system. Specifically for this study, focus is placed on two different fluid systems, a water/glycerin solution and a water/sodium chloride solution, which represent varying fluid densities and viscosities. The effects of changing fluid viscosities, fluid densities, proppant densities, proppant sizes, proppant concentrations, and slurry injection rates on proppant transport were then experimentally investigated. The slot system consists of a 4-ft long, 0.2-in. primary slot with three secondary slots and two tertiary slots, all at 90° angles to each other. The fluid systems represented brine fluids up to 9.24 ppg and viscous fluids up to 4.3 cp. Although glycerin was used for viscosification, the results can be compared to fluid systems with similar viscosities that are created using other additives such as friction reducers. The proppants used in the study consisted of two sands of 100 and 40/70 mesh (specific gravity of 2.65) and two 40/70 ceramic proppants with specific gravities of 2.08 and 2.71. The study results show that a water/glycerin solution, with a viscosity of 4.3 cp, has significant proppant-carrying capacity with proppants delivered uniformly to greater distances. In addition, sieve analysis conducted on each of the various slots indicated that for all tested proppants that the water/glycerin systems were more capable of carrying larger particles to farther distances. Conversely, the results show that a water/sodium chloride solution of 9.24 ppg density has less capability to carry the proppant farther into the slots. From a comparison standpoint, in all tested cases, viscosity increases had a greater impact on the overall proppant transport than fluid density. In addition, results of the study showed that both increasing proppant concentrations and injection rates have a positive impact on proppant transport, with more proppant being transported farther into the slot system in both cases. The higher the proppant concentration, the sooner the equilibrium dune height (EDH; height when transport starts to occur after dune building) was achieved, the more efficient transport became. Increasing the injection rate led to improving proppant transport by increasing the drag and lift forces on the proppant, which lead to decreased proppant settling velocities and transport farther into the slots.

scholarly journals The use of Robinia pseudoacacia L fruit extract as a green corrosion inhibitor in the protection of copper-based objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Pourzarghan ◽  
Bahman Fazeli-Nasab
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Bronze Alloy ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Green Inhibitor

AbstractThe most important inhibitors used in bronze disease are BTA and AMT. While these inhibitors control corrosion, they are toxic and cancerous. In this study, the acacia fruit extract (200 ppm to 1800 ppm) was used to the prevention of corrosion inhibition of bronze alloy in corrosive sodium chloride solution 0.5 M, for 4 weeks consecutively. The Bronze alloy used in this research, was made based on the same percentage as the ancient alloys (Cu-10Sn). IE% was used to obtain the inhibitory efficiency percentage and Rp can be calculated from the resistance of polarization. SEM–EDX was used to evaluate the surfaces of alloy as well as inhibitory. The experiment was conducted in split plot design in time based on the RCD in four replications. ANOVA was performed and comparison of means square using Duncan's multiple range test at one percent probability level. The highest rate of corrosion inhibition (93.5%) was obtained at a concentration of 1800 ppm with an increase in the concentration of the extract, corrosion inhibition also increased, i.e., more bronze was prevented from burning. Also, the highest corrosion inhibitory activity of Acacia extract (79.66) was in the second week and with increasing duration, this effect has decreased. EDX analysis of the control sample matrix showed that the amount of chlorine was 8.47%wt, while in the presence of corrosive sodium chloride solution, after 4 weeks, the amount of chlorine detected was 3.20%wt. According to the morphology (needle and rhombus) of these corrosion products based on the SEM images, it can be said, they are the type of atacamite and paratacamite. They have caused bronze disease in historical bronze works. The green inhibitor of Acacia fruit aqueous extract can play an effective role in inhibiting corrosion of bronze, but at higher concentrations, it became fungal, which can reduce the role of Acacia fruit aqueous extract and even ineffective. To get better performance of green inhibitors, more tests need to be done to improve and optimize.

DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF SILVER IN GALENA ORES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1488-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Bounsall ◽  
W. A. E. McBryde
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Silver Content ◽  
Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Aqueous Sodium

An analytical method is described for the determination of microgram amounts of silver in galena ores, based on the "reversion" of silver dithizonate. Silver is separated from relatively large amounts of lead by extraction as dithizonate into chloroform from an aqueous 1:99 nitric acid solution. Separation from mercury, which is also extracted under these conditions and would, if present, interfere in the analysis, is achieved by reverting the dithizonate solution with a 5% aqueous sodium chloride solution which is also 0.015 molar in hydrochloric acid. Following dilution of this aqueous solution and adjustment of pH, silver is again extracted into chloroform as the dithizonate, and determined absorptiometrically. Analyses of a number of galena ore samples showed a precision of within 3% for a silver content ranging from 0.03 to 0.4%.Some other methods for isolating silver from these samples, which were tried but found unsatisfactory, are discussed.

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