scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase

Abstract Background: Walnut kernels contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids for humans and have important effects on growth and health. The main function of fatty acid desaturase (FAD), which is widely distributed in organisms, is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to generate C=C bonds. Results: By performing a series of bioinformatics analysis, 24 members of the JrFAD gene family were identified from the genome database of walnut, and then compared with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that JrFADs were classified into four subfamilies: the SAD desaturase subfamily, Δ7/Δ9 desaturase subfamily, Δ12/ω-3 desaturase subfamily and "front-end" desaturase subfamily. Meanwhile, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, with expression of JrFAD3-1, which encodes an enzyme involved in linolenic acid synthesis, being particularly prominent. The relative expression level of JrFAD3-1 changed dramatically with the kernel development stages and exhibited a Bell-Shaped Curve. A significant positive correlation was observed between the expression of JrFAD3-1 during 70-100 DAF (Days after flowering) and the content of alpha-linolenic acid during 100-130 DAF, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. Additionally, JrFAD3-1 was proved closely related to homologous genes in Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla, indicating that the conserved structure of FADs is consistent with classical plant taxonomy. Conclusion: Twenty-four members JrFADs in walnut were identified and classified into four subfamilies. JrFAD3-1 may play significant roles in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in walnut.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase

Abstract Background: Walnut kernels contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids for humans and have important effects on growth and health. The main function of fatty acid desaturase (FAD), which is widely distributed in organisms, is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to generate C=C bonds. Results: By performing a series of bioinformatics analysis, 24 members of the JrFAD gene family were identified from the genome database of walnut, and then compared with the homologous genes from Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that JrFADs were classified into four subfamilies: the SAD desaturase subfamily, Δ7/Δ9 desaturase subfamily, Δ12/ω-3 desaturase subfamily and "front-end" desaturase subfamily. Meanwhile, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, with expression of JrFAD3-1, which encodes an enzyme involved in linolenic acid synthesis, being particularly prominent. The relative expression level of JrFAD3-1 changed dramatically with the kernel development stages and exhibited a Bell-Shaped Curve. A significant positive correlation was observed between the expression of JrFAD3-1 during 70-100 DAF (Days after flowering) and the content of alpha-linolenic acid during 100-130 DAF, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. Additionally, JrFAD3-1 was proved closely related to homologous genes in Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla, indicating that the conserved structure of FADs is consistent with classical plant taxonomy. Conclusion: Twenty-four members JrFADs in walnut were identified and classified into four subfamilies. JrFAD3-1 may play significant roles in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in walnut.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Abstract Background Walnut fatty acids, the main component of walnut kernels, contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids in humans and have important effects on human growth and health. Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is widely distributed throughout the biological world. Its main function is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to synthesize C=C double bonds.Results In the current research, 25 members of the JrFAD gene family were identified by bioinformatics analysis; the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, and the expression of JrFAD3-1 , an enzyme gene for linolenic acid synthesis, was particularly prominent. The results showed that the relative expression level of FAD3-1 changed dramatically with the kernel development stage, and the expression changes showed a "bell shape". There was a significant positive correlation between the expression of JrFAD3-1 from 90-100 days after anthesis and the content of alpha-linolenic acid from 100-130 days after anthesis, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. JrFAD3-1 can be considered closely related to Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla .Conclusion 25 walnut kernels FAD genes were identified and comprehensive analyzed for the first time. The function of a walnut kernels FAD3-1 gene was also characterized from its location in the phylogeny. This work lays a theoretical foundation for the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and provide techniques and methods for the creation of new germplasm.

scholarly journals Identification and Analysis of the FAD Gene Family in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Based on Transcriptome Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shugang Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Zhihua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid

Abstract Background: Walnut fatty acids, the main component of walnut kernels, contain a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which are essential fatty acids in humans and have important effects on human growth and health. Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) is widely distributed throughout the biological world. Its main function is to remove hydrogen from carbon chains in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids to synthesize C=C double bonds. Results: In the current research, 24 members of the JrFAD gene family were identified by bioinformatics analysis; the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in walnut kernels at different developmental stages was analysed by transcriptome sequencing, and the expression of JrFAD3-1 , an enzyme gene for linolenic acid synthesis, was particularly prominent. The results showed that the relative expression level of FAD3-1 changed dramatically with the kernel development stage, and the expression changes showed a "bell shape". There was a significant positive correlation between the expression of JrFAD3-1 from 90-100 DAF (days after flower) and the content of alpha-linolenic acid from 100-130 DAF, with a correlation coefficient of 0.991. JrFAD3-1 can be considered closely related to Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla . Conclusion: 24 members of the JrFAD gene family consist of four subfamilies: the SAD desaturase subfamily, Δ7/Δ9 desaturase subfamily, Δ12/ω-3 desaturase subfamily and "front-end" desaturase subfamily. A key gene Jr FAD3-1 was obtained based on transcriptome data and there was a significant positive correlation between the expression of JrFAD3-1 from 90-100 DAF and the content of alpha-linolenic acid from 100-130 DAF. JrFAD3-1 can be considered closely related to Betula pendula and Corylus heterophylla .

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

scholarly journals A non-canonical Δ9-desaturase synthesizing palmitoleic acid identified in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E-Ming Rau ◽  
Inga Marie Aasen ◽  
Helga Ertesvåg
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Palmitoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Strain Engineering ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase ◽  
Δ12 Desaturase

Abstract Thraustochytrids are oleaginous marine eukaryotic microbes currently used to produce the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). To improve the production of this essential fatty acid by strain engineering, it is important to deeply understand how thraustochytrids synthesize fatty acids. While DHA is synthesized by a dedicated enzyme complex, other fatty acids are probably synthesized by the fatty acid synthase, followed by desaturases and elongases. Which unsaturated fatty acids are produced differs between different thraustochytrid genera and species; for example, Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, but not Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21, synthesizes palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7). How strain T66 can produce these fatty acids has not been known, because BLAST analyses suggest that strain T66 does not encode any Δ9-desaturase-like enzyme. However, it does encode one Δ12-desaturase-like enzyme. In this study, the latter enzyme was expressed in A. limacinum SR21, and both C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-7 could be detected in the transgenic cells. Our results show that this desaturase, annotated T66Des9, is a Δ9-desaturase accepting C16:0 as a substrate. Phylogenetic studies indicate that the corresponding gene probably has evolved from a Δ12-desaturase-encoding gene. This possibility has not been reported earlier and is important to consider when one tries to deduce the potential a given organism has for producing unsaturated fatty acids based on its genome sequence alone. Key points • In thraustochytrids, automatic gene annotation does not always explain the fatty acids produced. • T66Des9 is shown to synthesize palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7). • T66des9 has probably evolved from Δ12-desaturase-encoding genes.

scholarly journals Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids

FEBS Letters ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 579 (23) ◽  
pp. 5157-5162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Ji Zheng ◽  
Jung-Sung Yoo ◽  
Tae-Gyu Lee ◽  
Hee-Young Cho ◽  
Young-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis

scholarly journals DesT Coordinates the Expression of Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Subramanian ◽  
Charles O. Rock ◽  
Yong-Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Translational Start

ABSTRACT The fabA and fabB genes are responsible for anaerobic unsaturated fatty acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Expression of the fabAB operon was repressed by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids, and DNA sequences upstream of the translational start site were used to affinity purify DesT. The single protein interaction with the fabAB promoter detected in wild-type cell extracts was absent in the desT deletion strain, as was the repression of fabAB expression by unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, DesT senses the overall composition of the acyl-coenzyme A pool to coordinate the expression of the operons for the anaerobic (fabAB) and aerobic (desCB) pathways for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.

Synthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Chick Embryo Liver

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Donaldson ◽  
Nancy S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryo Liver ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
Cyclopropene Fatty Acids

Oxidation, synthesis, and desaturation of fatty acids were assessed in chick embryos and embryonic liver. No differences in the oxidation of palmitate-1-14C and oleate-1-14C by intact embryos and embryo-liver homogenates were found. De novo fatty acid synthesis and microsomal elongation of fatty acids were detected in embryo-liver homogenates, but the activities were low as compared with chick liver. The specific activities of the mitochondrial system of fatty acid elongation were similar in embryo and chick liver. Stimulation of the desaturation of stearic acid was achieved by the substitution of glucose for fatty acids in the culture medium and abolished by the addition of cyclopropene fatty acids to the medium. The hypothesis is advanced that in chick embryos, the rate of desaturation of fatty acids synthesized de novo is less than that of postembryonic liver, and that as a consequence, the liver of embryos cannot maintain the proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids found in yolk.

EFFECTS OF HIGH LEVELS OF DIETARY COPPER ON ENDOGENOUS LIPID METABOLISM IN THE PIG

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MYRES ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Copper ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Plasma Fraction ◽  
Endogenous Lipid

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of dietary copper on the performance and lipid metabolism of pigs. In experiment 1 the addition of 250 ppm copper had no significant effect on performance but resulted in a more unsaturated depot fat. It was postulated that the latter effect could be caused by a preferential mobilization of saturated fatty acid (SFA) from adipose tissue, but examination of the fasting free fatty acid (FFA) plasma fraction revealed no evidence for any preferential mobilization, although the concentration of total FFA was increased in the copper-fed animals. The objective of experiment 2 was to investigate whether dietary copper resulted in an increased synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in adipose tissue. Uptake of plasma triglycerides was prevented by prior injection of Triton WR-1339 to give an uncomplicated picture of fatty acid synthesis. The results showed that copper did alter the distribution of 14C activity in adipose tissue fatty acids but shifted the pattern to one of a more saturated nature, which clearly invalidated the hypothesis that copper increases synthesis of UFA.

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