Study On the Mechanism of LMP2A Maintaining Epstein-barr Virus Latency Infection Through Interaction With CXCR4

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) belongs to the γ-herpesvirus subfamily and is the first human tumor virus to be discovered. The global adult infection rate exceeds 90%. EBV can participate in the regulation of multiple genes and multiple signal pathways through its latent genes. Many studies have reported that CXCR4 is involved in the development of gastric cancer, but there are few studies on the specific mechanism of its role in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). In this study, we explored the mechanism by which EBV-encoded products maintain EBV latent infection through interaction with CXCR4, and the role of CXCR4 in EBV positive cells. The results show that there is a positive feedback between the EBV-encoded products and CXCR4, and LMP2A can activate CXCR4 through the NF-κB pathway. In addition, CXCR4 can be fed back to LMP2A and EBNA1 through the ERK signaling pathway. At the same time, CXCR4 can promote the proliferation and migration of EBV-positive cells, reduce the expression of the immediate early protein BZLF1, and play an important role in maintaining the incubation period of EBV infection. These findings are conducive to the further targeted therapy of EBVaGC.

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Epstein-Barr Virus: The First Human Tumor Virus and its Role in Cancer

Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians ◽

10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.t01-1-99220.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 111 (6) ◽

pp. 573-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Joseph S. Pagano

Keyword(s):

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

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EBV+ Lymphoproliferative Diseases: Opportunities for leveraging EBV as a Therapeutic Target

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.2020005466 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Keri Toner ◽

Catherine M. Bollard

Keyword(s):

Proliferative Response ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽

Lymphoproliferative Diseases ◽

Malignant Lymphomas ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Immune Therapies ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human tumor virus, which contributes to the development of lymphoproliferative disease, most notably in patients with impaired immunity. EBV associated lymphoproliferation is characterized by expression of latent EBV proteins and ranges in severity from a relatively benign proliferative response to aggressive malignant lymphomas. The presence of EBV can also serve as a unique target for directed therapies for the treatment of EBV lymphoproliferative diseases, including T cell based immune therapies. In this review, we will describe the EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and will particularly focus on the therapies that target EBV.

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The B-Cell Specific Transcription Factor, Oct-2, Promotes Epstein-Barr Virus Latency by Inhibiting the Viral Immediate-Early Protein, BZLF1

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1002516 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. e1002516 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Amanda R. Robinson ◽

Swee Sen Kwek ◽

Shannon C. Kenney

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

B Cell ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Immediate Early ◽

Specific Transcription Factor ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Virus Latency ◽

Early Protein ◽

Epstein Barr

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Epstein-Barr Virus Facilitates Expression of KLF14 by Regulating the Cooperative Binding of the E2F-Rb-HDAC Complex in Latent Infection

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01209-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 94 (22) ◽

Author(s):

Yonggang Pei ◽

Josiah Hiu-yuen Wong ◽

Hem Chandra Jha ◽

Tian Tian ◽

Zhi Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Human Population ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Latent Infection ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Repressor Complex ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered as the first human tumor virus more than 50 years ago. EBV infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and is associated with numerous hematologic malignancies and epithelial malignancies. EBV establishes latent infection in B cells, which is the typical program seen in lymphomagenesis. Understanding EBV-mediated transcription regulatory networks is one of the current challenges that will uncover new insights into the mechanism of viral-mediated lymphomagenesis. Here, we describe the regulatory profiles of several cellular factors (E2F6, E2F1, Rb, HDAC1, and HDAC2) together with EBV latent nuclear antigens using next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Our results show that the E2F-Rb-HDAC complex exhibits similar distributions in genomic regions of EBV-positive cells and is associated with oncogenic super-enhancers involving long-range regulatory regions. Furthermore, EBV latent antigens cooperatively hijack this complex to bind at KLFs gene loci and facilitate KLF14 gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). These results demonstrate that EBV latent antigens can function as master regulators of this multisubunit repressor complex (E2F-Rb-HDAC) to reverse its suppressive activities and facilitate downstream gene expression that can contribute to viral-induced lymphomagenesis. These results provide novel insights into targets for the development of new therapeutic interventions for treating EBV-associated lymphomas. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as the first human tumor virus, infects more than 90% of the human population worldwide and is associated with numerous human cancers. Exploring EBV-mediated transcription regulatory networks is critical to understand viral-associated lymphomagenesis. However, the detailed mechanism is not fully explored. Now we describe the regulatory profiles of the E2F-Rb-HDAC complex together with EBV latent antigens, and we found that EBV latent antigens cooperatively facilitate KLF14 expression by antagonizing this multisubunit repressor complex in EBV-positive cells. This provides potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers.

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Modulation of the Cell Growth Regulator mTOR by Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded LMP2A

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.9.5499-5506.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (9) ◽

pp. 5499-5506 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Cary A. Moody ◽

Rona S. Scott ◽

Nazanin Amirghahari ◽

Cherie-Ann Nathan ◽

Lawrence S. Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Protein Translation ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Initiation Factor ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

ABSTRACT Control of translation initiation is one means by which cells regulate growth and proliferation, with components of the protein-synthesizing machinery having oncogenic potential. Expression of latency protein LMP2A by the human tumor virus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt located upstream of an essential mediator of growth signals, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). We show that mTOR is activated by expression of LMP2A in carcinoma cells, leading to wortmannin- and rapamycin-sensitive inhibition of the negative regulator of translation, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, and increased c-Myc protein translation. Intervention by this DNA tumor virus in cellular translational controls is likely to be an integral component of EBV tumorigenesis.

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Immune Escape by Non-coding RNAs of the Epstein Barr Virus

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.657387 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Münz

Keyword(s):

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Epstein Barr

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently colonizing more than 95% of the adult human population. At the same time EBV encodes oncogenes that can readily transform human B cells in culture and threaten healthy virus carriers with lymphomagenesis. Cytotoxic lymphocytes have been identified in experimental models and by primary immunodeficiencies as the main protective immune compartments controlling EBV. EBV has reached a stalemate with these cytotoxic T and innate lymphocytes to ensure persistence in most infected humans. Recent evidence suggests that the non-coding RNAs of the virus contribute to viral immune escape to prevent immune eradication. This knowledge might be used in the future to attenuate EBV for vaccine development against this human tumor virus that was discovered more than 55 years ago.

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Epstein-Barr virus reprograms human B-lymphocytes immediately in the pre-latent phase of infection

10.1101/503268 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paulina Mrozek-Gorska ◽

Alexander Buschle ◽

Dagmar Pich ◽

Thomas Schwarzmayr ◽

Ron Fechtner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Lymphocytes ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Epstein Barr Virus ◽

Human Tumor ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Barr Virus ◽

Tumor Virus ◽

Epstein Barr

AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and a model of herpesviral latency. The virus efficiently infects resting human B-lymphocytes and induces their continuous proliferation in vitro, which mimics certain aspects of EBV’s oncogenic potential in vivo. This seminal finding was made 50 years ago, but how EBV activates primary human B-lymphocytes and how lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) evolve from the EBV-infected lymphocytes is uncertain. We conducted a systematic time-resolved longitudinal study of cellular functions and transcriptional profiles of newly infected naïve primary B-lymphocytes. EBV reprograms these human cells comprehensively and globally. Rapid and extensive transcriptional changes occur within 24 hours of infection and precede any metabolic and phenotypic changes. Within the next 48 hours, the virus activates the cells, changes their phenotypes with respect to cell size, RNA and protein content and induces metabolic pathways to cope with the increased demand for energy, supporting an efficient cell cycle entry on day three post infection. The transcriptional program that EBV initiates consists of three waves of clearly discernable clusters of cellular genes that peak on day one, two, or three and regulate RNA synthesis, metabolic pathways and cell division, respectively. Upon the onset of cell doublings on day four the cellular transcriptome appears to be completely reprogrammed to support the activated and proliferating cell, but three additional clusters of EBV regulated genes adjust the infected immune cells to fine-tune cell signaling, migration, and immune response pathways, eventually. Our study reveals that more than 98 % of the 13,000 expressed genes in B-lymphocytes are regulated upon infection demonstrating that EBV governs the entire biology of its target cell.

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