scholarly journals Design of Telescopic Nadir Imager for Geomorphology (TENGOO) and Observation of Surface Reflectance by Optical Chromatic Imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Kameda ◽  
Masanobu Ozaki ◽  
Keigo Enya ◽  
Ryota Fuse ◽  
Toru Kouyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Surface Reflectance ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Scientific Objective ◽  
Spectral Mapping ◽  
Sample Return ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
Geomorphological Features ◽  
Filter Wheel

Abstract The JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. Both moons will be observed by remote sensing. Sample return from Phobos will be performed. The nominal instruments were selected, including the telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and optical radiometer composed of chromatic imagers (OROCHI). The scientific objective of TENGOO is to obtain the geomorphological features of Phobos and Deimos. The spatial resolution of TENGOO is 0.3 m at an altitude of 25 km in the quasi-satellite orbit. The scientific objective of OROCHI is to obtain material distribution using spectral mapping. OROCHI is composed of seven wide-angle bandpass imagers without a filter wheel and one monochromatic imager dedicated to the observation during the landing phase. Using these two instruments, we plan to select landing sites and obtain information that supports the analysis of return samples.

scholarly journals Design of telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and observation of surface reflectance by optical chromatic imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Kameda ◽  
Masanobu Ozaki ◽  
Keigo Enya ◽  
Ryota Fuse ◽  
Toru Kouyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Surface Reflectance ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Scientific Objective ◽  
Spectral Mapping ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
Geomorphological Features ◽  
Filter Wheel

AbstractThe JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. It will remotely observe both moons and return a sample from Phobos. The nominal instruments include the TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology (TENGOO) and Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers (OROCHI). The scientific objective of TENGOO is to obtain the geomorphological features of Phobos and Deimos. The spatial resolution of TENGOO is 0.3 m at an altitude of 25 km in the quasi-satellite orbit. The scientific objective of OROCHI is to obtain material distribution using spectral mapping. OROCHI possesses seven wide-angle bandpass imagers without a filter wheel and one monochromatic imager dedicated to the observation during the landing phase. Using these two instruments, we plan to select landing sites and obtain information that supports the analysis of return samples. Graphical Abstract

High-priority lunar landing sites for in situ and sample return studies of polar volatiles

2014 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Lemelin ◽  
David M. Blair ◽  
Carolyn E. Roberts ◽  
Kirby D. Runyon ◽  
Daniela Nowka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Return ◽  
Lunar Landing ◽  
Landing Sites

Lunar surface traces of engine jets of Soviet sample return probes: The enigma of the Luna-23 and Luna-24 landing sites

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy Shkuratov ◽  
Vadym Kaydash ◽  
Xenija Sysolyatina ◽  
Alexandra Razim ◽  
Gorden Videen
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Sample Return ◽  
Landing Sites

Mapping of shallow subsurface water local variations at Mars’ moderate latitudes with FREND neutron telescope onboard ExoMars TGO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Malakhov ◽  
Igor Mitrofanov ◽  
Artem Anikin ◽  
Dmitry Golovin ◽  
Maya Djachkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithermal Neutron ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
The Past ◽  
Martian Soil ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
Geomorphological Features

<p>Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector, FREND, is an instrument onboard ExoMars’ Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO). It uses neutron measurements to detect hydrogen (and thus water) variations in the shallow subsurface of the Martian soil. Similar experiments have been performed in the past on Mars, but FREND’s main characteristic is its neutron collimator that significantly narrows down the field of view (FOV) to 28° full cone which corresponds to a 60-200 km diameter spot on the surface. This is considerably smaller than the spatial resolution of previous experiments and thus allows us to peek inside local features of hydrogen variations.</p><p>The instrument has been measuring for almost one full Martian year currently so what we present is a result of continuous observations of shallow subsurface water between May 2018 and present. A technique to locate the most prominent local spots, either very “dry” or very “wet”, was developed to analyze the planetary surface from 70° North down to 70° South. It yielded several such local spots of interest that are presented, characterized and associated with particular geomorphological features or/and with the selected landing sites candidates.</p><p>It is known that water or water ice is not stable at the surface of Mars, especially closer to equator, thus locating areas with enhanced subsurface hydrogen or water is of much interest both scientifically and in terms of future exploration. FREND is most sensitive to water in the shallow subsurface of about 1 m deep, which makes such deposits easily accessible and valuable.</p>

scholarly journals MMX geodesy investigations: science requirements and observation strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Matsumoto ◽  
Naru Hirata ◽  
Hitoshi Ikeda ◽  
Toru Kouyama ◽  
Hiroki Senshu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Rotation Parameter ◽  
Moments Of Inertia ◽  
Operational Strategies ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Observation Strategy ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
Imaging Strategy

AbstractIn order to investigate the origin of Phobos and Deimos, the Japanese Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission is scheduled for launch in 2024. MMX will make comprehensive remote-sensing measurements of both moons and return regolith samples from Phobos to Earth. Geodetic measurements of gravity, shape, and rotation parameter of a body provides constraints on its internal structure reflecting its origin and evolution. Moments of inertia are important parameters to constrain the internal mass distribution, but they have not been well determined for the Martian moons yet. We discuss the mission requirements related to the moments of inertia to detect a potential heterogeneity of the mass distribution inside Phobos. We introduce mission instruments and operational strategies to meet the mission requirements. We present a preliminary imaging strategy from a quasi-satellite orbit for a base shape model that is expected to be created at the early stage of the mission. Geodetic products including ephemeris, gravity field, rotation parameter of Phobos, and spacecraft orbit are of importance not only for the geodetic study, but also for interpreting data from various mission instruments and selecting possible landing sites. Graphical Abstract

Artificial satellite orbit computations

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
P. Sconzo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Differential Correction ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
Orbit Computation

In this paper an orbit computation program for artificial satellites is presented. This program is operational and it has already been used to compute the orbits of several satellites.After an introductory discussion on the subject of artificial satellite orbit computations, the features of this program are thoroughly explained. In order to achieve the representation of the orbital elements over short intervals of time a drag-free perturbation theory coupled with a differential correction procedure is used, while the long range behavior is obtained empirically. The empirical treatment of the non-gravitational effects upon the satellite motion seems to be very satisfactory. Numerical analysis procedures supporting this treatment and experience gained in using our program are also objects of discussion.

CBED Shadow Images and Cs:Aberration Measurement

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 696-697
Author(s):  
R. W. Carpenter ◽  
I.Y.T. Chan ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Caustic Surface ◽  
Convergent Beam

Wide-angle convergent beam shadow images(CBSI) exhibit several characteristic distortions resulting from spherical aberration. The most prominent is a circle of infinite magnification resulting from rays having equal values of a forming a cross-over on the optic axis at some distance before reaching the paraxial focal point. This distortion is called the tangential circle of infinite magnification; it can be used to align and stigmate a STEM and to determine Cs for the probe forming lens. A second distortion, the radial circle of infinite magnification, results from a cross-over on the lens caustic surface of rays with differing values of ∝a, also before the paraxial focal point of the lens.

Reconstruction of Chitin-Protein Complexes Using Correlation Averaging Methods: Ovipositor of the Ichneumon Fly Megarhyssa

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario ◽  
J. Blackwell ◽  
J. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Hexagonal Lattice ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Insect Cuticle ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Averaging Methods ◽  
Digital Correlation

This report describes the use of digital correlation and averaging methods 1,2 for the reconstruction of high dose electron micrographs of the chitin-protein complex from Megarhyssa ovipositor. Electron microscopy of uranyl acetate stained insect cuticle has demonstrated a hexagonal array of unstained chitin monofibrils, 2.4−3.0 nm in diameter, in a stained protein matrix3,4. Optical diffraction Indicated a hexagonal lattice with a = 5.1-8.3 nm3 A particularly well ordered complex is found in the ovipositor of the ichneumon fly Megarhyssa: the small angle x-ray data gives a = 7.25 nm, and the wide angle pattern shows that the protein consists of subunits arranged in a 61 helix, with an axial repeat of 3.06 nm5.

Developmental Risk Through a Wide-Angle Lens

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Jack P. Shonkoff
Keyword(s):  
Wide Angle ◽  
Developmental Risk ◽  
Wide Angle Lens
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