Design of telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and observation of surface reflectance by optical chromatic imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)

The JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. It will remotely observe both moons and return a sample from Phobos. The nominal instruments include the TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology (TENGOO) and Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers (OROCHI). The scientific objective of TENGOO is to obtain the geomorphological features of Phobos and Deimos. The spatial resolution of TENGOO is 0.3 m at an altitude of 25 km in the quasi-satellite orbit. The scientific objective of OROCHI is to obtain material distribution using spectral mapping. OROCHI possesses seven wide-angle bandpass imagers without a filter wheel and one monochromatic imager dedicated to the observation during the landing phase. Using these two instruments, we plan to select landing sites and obtain information that supports the analysis of return samples. Graphical Abstract

Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2S Survey

APOGEE is a high-resolution (R ∼ 22,000), near-infrared, multi-epoch, spectroscopic survey of the Milky Way. The second generation of the APOGEE project, APOGEE-2, includes an expansion of the survey to the Southern Hemisphere called APOGEE-2S. This expansion enabled APOGEE to perform a fully panoramic mapping of all of the main regions of the Milky Way; in particular, by operating in the H band, APOGEE is uniquely able to probe the dust-hidden inner regions of the Milky Way that are best accessed from the Southern Hemisphere. In this paper we present the targeting strategy of APOGEE-2S, with special attention to documenting modifications to the original, previously published plan. The motivation for these changes is explained as well as an assessment of their effectiveness in achieving their intended scientific objective. In anticipation of this being the last paper detailing APOGEE targeting, we present an accounting of all such information complete through the end of the APOGEE-2S project; this includes several main survey programs dedicated to exploration of major stellar populations and regions of the Milky Way, as well as a full list of programs contributing to the APOGEE database through allocations of observing time by the Chilean National Time Allocation Committee and the Carnegie Institution for Science. This work was presented along with a companion article, Beaton et al. (2021), presenting the final target selection strategy adopted for APOGEE-2 in the Northern Hemisphere.

Innovation Policies and Mechanisms Used for Stimulating the Innovations in the Five Leading African Countries

Innovations in the modern world are of great importance for everyone. They are the basis for high competitiveness of companies, economic growth of economies and prosperity of societies. The scientific objective of the article is to identify the various levers, models and specific incentives for innovation and research and development (R&D) in the five leading African countries in this area, according to the Global Innovation Index 2020. On this basis, conclusions and guidelines have been worked out, that are useful both from a scientific point of view and for improving the renewed innovation policy of Bulgaria. The article uses various research methods and approaches, including methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison and causation, as well as systematic and complex approaches.

MODERN PARTY PR-TECHNOLOGIES AS THE VARIETY OF APPLIED SOCIAL-COMMUNICATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

The purpose of the work is to confirm the key PR-technologies in party Internet communications and also to analyze the specifics of their usage as the variety of social-communicative technologies (SCT). The methodology of the research is based on the applying social-communicative and structural-functional approaches and also on general principles of scientific, objective, unity of logical and historical approaches during the research of social structure, political institutions, and processes. The scientific novelty consists in reasoning thesis as for the influence of “noo-politics” on definition essential characteristics of PRtechnologies in party communication as SCT which are based on the certain plan (program) and is the organized management activities in communicative process in the measures of party work and in reasoning need informing and support bilateral party communication based on interactive PR-practices in Internet space. Conclusions. The conducted analysis of PR-technologies which is used in party communication in the global Net confirms the significant dynamics of functional changes on the Internet from Web 1.0 till Web 2.0. from the creation of personal sites of politicians and political powers, Internet agencies, open Internet debates technologies, and media “information sponsorship” when on the first place comes blogging and social nets (Facebook, Twitter) begin actively use which stimulate the development of horizontal measures of party interactive communication. Key words: applied social-communicative technologies; Internet; PR-technologies; political parties; party communication; social Nets, blogging.

Detection of charged organic grains at the surface of Titan with the EFIELD/DraGMet sensor on board Dragonfly

<p>Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the place in the Solar System showing the most Earth-like landscapes. Titan’s dense atmosphere and cold temperatures enable a complex methane hydrological cycle that have shaped the surface, very similarly to the water cycle on Earth. Titan has another peculiar feature: a wealth of organic grains is created by photochemistry in its atmosphere and progressively deposited at its surface. Such atmospheric production of organics likely occurred on Earth before the apparition of life; that is the reason why a better understanding of the formation processes, chemical composition and physical properties of these grains is of great interest.</p><p>The Dragonfly mission has recently been selected by NASA to explore Titan’s surface with a rotorcraft circa 2035 (Lorenz et al., 2018). Dragonfly will explore a region of organic sand dunes with monthly flights of a few kilometres each aiming to an impact crater named Selk. In addition to chemical analyses, Dragonfly is equipped with several sensors intended to characterize its environment. Among them, as part of the Dragonfly Geophysical and Meteorological (DraGMet) package, the EFIELD instrument will record the AC electric field at low frequencies (~5-100 Hz).</p><p>EFIELD consists in two spherical electrodes accommodated at different locations on the rotorcraft. The main scientific objective of EFIELD is to measure Schumann Resonances on Titan. Such resonances may have been detected by the Huygens probe in 2005 (unless it was an artefact of probe motion; Lorenz and Le Gall, 2020) and would be an indication of the existence of an underground global salty ocean (Beghin et al., 2012). Another scientific objective of EFIELD is the detection and characterization of charged grains. This work is dedicated to this secondary objective.</p><p>The exploration area of Dragonfly is covered by sand grains, most likely organic in nature, maybe mixed with ice. Surface winds can sometimes put them in saltation or suspension. In the process, these organic grains are likely to get charged by friction (triboelectric effect; Méndez-Harper et al., 2017), and would then induce a perturbation on the electric field detectable by the EFIELD antennas. To estimate the significance of this perturbation and test the possibility to measure it, we have built a numerical model that simulates the trajectory of charged particles in the probe environment, subjected to turbulent wind flows, gravity and electrostatic forces. First results show that charged particles will induce a strong measurable signal on the EFIELD spectra. We are thus currently investigating how these spectra can be used to derive information on the grains (number, charge, size or density). On Titan, EFIELD will work in synergy with wind sensors and a microscopic imager that will observe grains deposited at the surface.</p><p>The next steps in our simulations will be to account for the perturbations induced by the nearby body of Dragonfly. In parallel, we are building a prototype antenna to test it and check the ability of our model to reproduce its measurements in the laboratory and in the frame of field campaigns.</p>

Design of Telescopic Nadir Imager for Geomorphology (TENGOO) and Observation of Surface Reflectance by Optical Chromatic Imager (OROCHI) for the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)

The JAXA’s Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission is planned to reveal the origin of Phobos and Deimos. Both moons will be observed by remote sensing. Sample return from Phobos will be performed. The nominal instruments were selected, including the telescopic nadir imager for geomorphology (TENGOO) and optical radiometer composed of chromatic imagers (OROCHI). The scientific objective of TENGOO is to obtain the geomorphological features of Phobos and Deimos. The spatial resolution of TENGOO is 0.3 m at an altitude of 25 km in the quasi-satellite orbit. The scientific objective of OROCHI is to obtain material distribution using spectral mapping. OROCHI is composed of seven wide-angle bandpass imagers without a filter wheel and one monochromatic imager dedicated to the observation during the landing phase. Using these two instruments, we plan to select landing sites and obtain information that supports the analysis of return samples.

Linguopoetics in Works of Leo Tolstoy from the Scientific Perspective in the Early 21st Century

The findings of the study of linguopoetics in Leo Tolstoy’s works are considered from the perspective of three aspects of the fundamental scientific objective: 1) introduction to the philological rotation of understudied texts; 2) review of already studied texts from new perspectives; 3) interpretation of texts with the regard to the modern reader. As a scientific example of the first aspect, the paper refers to the analysis of “Notes on Ill Traits of Russian Soldiers and Officers”. “Notes on…” demonstrate the main trends of lexical shifts typical for the Russian literary language of the mid-19th century. The author refers to an increase in the number of irrelevant vocabularies in the literary language, the fact that many lexical elements have gained the value of moral and ethical categories, the use of scientific terms in the literary language, the introduction of social and political connotations to words, the actualisation of the meaning by making the word more journalistic and rhetorical in the text. As for the second aspect, the paper analyses the lexical and stylistic signature features of Tolstoy’s original works. The author studies Tolstoy’s innovations of lexical, stylistic and structural nature. Such as, there are the examples of occasional word creation: extension of semantics of lexical elements and attribution of new stylistic functions and values, as well as fixing word creation, when the text fixes yet not fully rooted lexical device and attributes it with novel features. The author also reviews how Tolstoy builds the quoted speech of his cha­racters, as well as classifies the types of dialogues used by Tolstoy (psychological, ideological and etiquettical). Regarding the third aspect, the paper focuses on the matter of linguopoetics. It includes the textual efforts to prepare Leo Tolstoy’s works to be published with a number of comments. Lexi­cal comments within the text, outside the text and the independent ones follow an experimental study of gaps in a reader’s perception.

The Miracle or the Monster? The problem of institutional communication supremacy in the regional TV news

The scientific objective of the study was to show the markers of institutional communication, that express themselves in discourse shifting from the frame information to the frame PR in the news of regional TV channels. The study was conducted on the materials of the plots about construction in the news programs of four Crimea state TV channels. The analysis sampled and systematized the semantic and lexical markers of institutional communication. The article defines the dominancy of the texts with PR in the TV news plots about construction in Crimea, revealed the insecurity of this phenomenon for the journalists professional tasks. Such approach proposed in the article was applied for the first time. In studying the methods of researching were: discourse-analysis, content-analysis, systematization, synthesis. The study concluded the non-consent of the dramatic contradiction between the journalism and PR in the regional news programs for today.

Classification, Force Deformation Characteristics and Cooking Kinetics of Common Beans

Post-harvest characteristics of common beans influences its classification, which significantly affects processing time and energy requirements. In this work, ten bean cultivars were classified as either easy-to-cook (ETC) or hard-to-cook (HTC) based on a traditional subjective finger pressing test and a scientific objective hardness test. The hardness study used seed coat rigidity to explain the structural deformation observed during cooking. The result shows that the average hardness of raw dry ETC and HTC beans was 102.4 and 170.8 N, respectively. The maximum seed coat resistance is observed within the first 30 min of cooking regardless of the classification. The results show that a modified three-parameter non-linear regression model could accurately predict the rate of bean softening (R2 = 0.994–0.999 and RMSE = 3.3–14.7%). The influence of bean softeners such as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) to reduce cooking time was also investigated. The results showed that the addition of K2CO3 to the cooking water significantly reduced the cooking time by up to 50% for ETC and 57% for HTC.