Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus 3 Strains and the First Detection of Two Different PCV3 Strains Coinfecting the Same Host in Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently emerged circovirus discovered in 2016, which since then has drawn the attention of the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of PCV3 strains in pig farms. A total of 261 samples from sows, weaning pigs, growing pigs, and stillborn/mummified fetuses were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that PCV3 strains have at least two main lineages circulating in Brazil. For the first time, it was possible to detect the presence of two different PCV3 strains in the same host.

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Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10010047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Giovanni Franzo ◽

Michele Drigo ◽

Matteo Legnardi ◽

Laura Grassi ◽

Maria Luisa Menandro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Positive Interaction ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Swine Population ◽

Clinical Conditions

Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

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Development of a SYBR green I-based duplex real-time PCR assay for detection of pseudorabies virus and porcine circovirus 3

Molecular and Cellular Probes ◽

10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 101593 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Run-Bo Tian ◽

Yue Jin ◽

Tong Xu ◽

Yu Zhao ◽

Zhen-Ya Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Pseudorabies Virus ◽

Sybr Green ◽

Sybr Green I ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3

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Sensitive detection of porcine circovirus 3 by droplet digital PCR

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638719847686 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 604-607

Author(s):

Yuqi Liu ◽

Hecheng Meng ◽

Lei Shi ◽

Lili Li

Keyword(s):

Digital Pcr ◽

Droplet Digital Pcr ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Analytical Sensitivity ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Emerging Virus ◽

Clinical Detection ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽

High Degree

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a newly emerging virus that poses a potential threat to the swine industry. We developed a sensitive assay utilizing droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to detect PCV-3. Specificity of the assay was confirmed by the failure of amplification of DNA of other relevant viruses. The detection limit for ddPCR was 1 copy/μL, 10 times greater sensitivity than TaqMan real-time PCR (rtPCR). Both methods showed a high degree of linearity, although TaqMan rtPCR showed less sensitivity than ddPCR for clinical detection. Our findings indicate that ddPCR might offer faster and improved analytical sensitivity for PCV-3 detection.

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Evolution and Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus 3 in China

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11090786 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 786 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ye Chen ◽

Quanming Xu ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Xian Luo ◽

Qi Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Eastern China ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Fujian Province ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽

High Degree

The identification of a new circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 3, PCV3) has raised concern because its impact on swine health is not fully known. In Fujian Province in eastern China, even its circulating status and genetic characteristics are unclear. Here, we tested 127 tissue samples from swine from Fujian Province that presented respiratory symptoms. All of the PCV3 positive samples were negative for many other pathogens involved in respiratory diseases like PCV2, PRRSV, and CSFV, suggesting that PCV3 is potentially pathogenic. From phylogenetic analysis, PCV3 strains are divided into two main clades and five sub-clades; PCV3a-1, PCV3a-2, PCV3a-3, PCV3b-1, and PCV3b-2. Our identified strains belong to genotypes PCV3a-1, PCV3a-2, PCV3a-3, and PCV3b-2, indicating a high degree of genetic diversity of PCV3 in Fujian province until 2019. Interestingly, we found the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of PCV3 was dated to the 1950s, and PCV3 has a similar evolutionary rate as PCV2 (the main epidemic genotypes PCV2b and PCV2d). In addition, positive selection sites N56D/S and S77T/N on the capsid gene are located on the PCV3 antigen epitope, indicating that PCV3 is gradually adaptive in swine. In summary, our results provide important insights into the epidemiology of PCV3.

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Development of a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of porcine circovirus 3

Journal of Virological Methods ◽

10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.07.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 248 ◽

pp. 177-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jianchang Wang ◽

Yongning Zhang ◽

Jinfeng Wang ◽

Libing Liu ◽

Xiaoyu Pang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Specific Detection ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3

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New insights about the genetic diversity of Porcine circovirus 3 strains in Brazil

10.22541/au.159499086.63284009 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Viviane Assao ◽

Marcus Rebou as Santos ◽

N via Lopes Rosado ◽

Gustavo Bressan ◽

Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3

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Real-Time PCR Detection Patterns of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Polish Farms with Different Statuses of Vaccination against PCV2

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v11121135 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1135 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aleksandra Woźniak ◽

Dagmara Miłek ◽

Piotr Matyba ◽

Tomasz Stadejek

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Quantitative Real Time Pcr ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Oral Fluids ◽

Significant Difference

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a globally spread pathogen controlled with generally highly efficacious vaccination protocols. In order to compare PCV2 detection profiles in farms with different vaccination statuses, serum (359) and fecal pools (351) and oral fluids (209) from four farms that do not vaccinate against PCV2 (NON-VAC) and from 22 farms that do vaccinate (VAC) were tested with quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, nucleotide sequences of ORF2 of the virus were obtained from selected samples. Three genotypes, PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d, were detected. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in PCV2 prevalence and quantities between the VAC and NON-VAC farms were evident. In five VAC farms, no viremia or shedding in feces was detected. On the other hand, in four VAC farms, the results were very similar to those from NON-VAC farms. No significant difference in PCV2 prevalence in oral fluids was observed between VAC and NON-VAC farms. An examination of viremia can be recommended for the detection of vaccination efficacy issues. The median of the PCV2 viral loads >6.0 log10 copies/mL in pooled sera from the vaccinated population should be considered a very strong indication that the vaccination protocol needs revision.

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Development and validation of direct PCR and quantitative PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of porcine circovirus 3

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638718770495 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 538-544 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Giovanni Franzo ◽

Matteo Legnardi ◽

Cinzia Centelleghe ◽

Claudia M. Tucciarone ◽

Mattia Cecchinato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Test Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Direct Pcr ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Perfect Agreement ◽

Field Samples ◽

Porcine Circovirus 3 ◽

Pcr Targeting

Since the identification of species Porcine circovirus 2, the relevance of genus Circovirus has increased given its impact on the swine industry. A new species ( Porcine circovirus 3, PCV-3) has been detected in association with various clinical conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and widely accessible tests for both routine diagnostic and research purposes. We developed a direct PCR (requiring no DNA extraction) and a quantitative (q)PCR targeting the conserved rep gene to detect the PCV-3 genome. Test performance was assessed by testing 120 field samples within different matrices. Both methods were sensitive (detection of 10 viral genome/µL), specific, and repeatable. The substantially perfect agreement between the 2 assays strongly supports their high sensitivity and specificity. The low cost and short processing time of the direct PCR protocol, together with the reliable quantitative results provided by qPCR, support the establishment of common testing guidelines.

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