scholarly journals Plants Are the Drivers of Geographic Variation of Floral Scents in a Highly Specialized Pollination Mutualism: a Study of Ficus Hirta in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deng Xiaoxia ◽  
Buatois Bruno ◽  
Peng Yan-Qiong ◽  
Hui Yu ◽  
Cheng Yufen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Neutral Drift ◽  
Pollination Mutualism ◽  
Ficus Hirta ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Genetic Structures

Abstract BackgroundFloral volatiles play an important role in pollinator attraction. This is particularly true in obligate brood site pollination mutualisms. The plants generally produce inconspicuous flowers and depend on odours to attract to their inflorescences specialised pollinators that breed in their floral structures. Little is known about the processes shaping the micro-evolution of these floral odours. Here, we investigate geographic variation of floral odour in an obligate host-specific brood site pollination mutualism where plant and pollinator genetic structures are different, Ficus hirta and its specialised pollinators.ResultsWe evidence progressive geographic divergence of floral odours. The pattern of variation fits plant genetic structure but differs from pollinating insect structuring into species and populations. In our study system, the evolution of receptive floral odour presents a pattern that is not distinguishable from neutral drift that is not canalised by the insects.ConclusionWe propose that this pattern characterises obligate brood site pollination mutualisms in which pollinators are host specific and dispersal is limited. Insects with their short generation times and large population sizes track variation in host receptive inflorescence odours. Plants are the drivers and insects the followers. Strict sense plant-insect co-evolution is not involved. In contrast, stabilizing selection may be at work in more dispersive brood site pollination mutualisms, while pollinators may mediate local interspecific plant floral odour convergence when plant species share local pollinators.

Punctuation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Rate Of Evolution ◽  
Directional Change ◽  
Punctuated Evolution

In punctuated evolution (Eldredge and Gould, 1972) periods of relatively little change (“stasis”) are punctuated by episodes of relatively rapid change in the rate of evolution of a quantitative morphological trait, as seen in the fossil record of morphology. According to Simpson (1984), the term quantum evolution, refers to the same thing. Like Eldredge and Gould, Simpson contrasted quantum evolution with phyletic change, or sustained directional evolution without branching; considered that it could be associated with speciation (though also with phyletic evolution; p. 206); and even mentioned interrupted equilibra “In phyletic evolution equilibrium of the organism-environment system is continuous, or nearly so, although the point of equilibrium may and usually does shift. In quantum evolution equilibrium is lost, and a new equilibrium is reached”. I use the term “punctuation” rather than “quantum” because it less ambiguously describes change in rate of evolution. In its original meaning (from the Latin quantus), quantum means quantity. But quantum change, as mentioned by Simpson, is identified with the “quanta” of physics, which are discrete units of energy. This could encourage mistaken identification of punctuated change with the origin of discrete novelties, not the intended meaning of punctuated evolution, which is periodically altered rate of change in a continuously variable, quantitative trait. Mayr, Eldredge, Gould, and others (e.g., Stanley, 1979, 1981) explain stasis and punctuation in terms of speciation. Speciational punctuation hypotheses see stasis as due to the characteristics of established biological species, such as gene flow within interbreeding populations, large population size, heterogeneity of the species environment that retards directional change, developmental integration, canalization, coadapted genomes, stabilizing selection, and frequently reversing evolution over time within established species (Eldredge and Gould, 1997). These factors have been summarized by the term “gene-pool cohesiveness” (Mayr, 1989) or “developmental coherences” (Gould, 1989b), though the causes of stasis under the speciational hypothesis are admittedly vague and debatable (for reviews of other possible causes of stasis, see Williamson, 1987; Coyne and Charlesworth, 1997; Van Valen, 1982a; Spicer, 1993).

scholarly journals Chemical signal is in the blend: bases of plant-pollinator encounter in a highly specialized interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Proffit ◽  
Benoit Lapeyre ◽  
Bruno Buatois ◽  
Xiaoxia Deng ◽  
Pierre Arnal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Electrophysiological Tests ◽  
Plant Recognition ◽  
Pollination Mutualism ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Small Change ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Abstract In several highly specialized plant-insect interactions, scent-mediated specificity of pollinator attraction is directed by the emission and detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although some plants engaged in such interactions emit singular compounds, others emit mixtures of VOCs commonly emitted by plants. We investigated the chemical ecological bases of host plant recognition in the nursery pollination mutualism between the dioecious Ficus carica and its specific pollinator Blastophaga psenes. Using Y-tube olfactometer tests, we show that B. psenes females are attracted by VOCs of receptive figs of both sexes and do not exhibit preference for VOCs of either male or female figs. Electrophysiological tests and chemical analysis revealed that of all the VOCs emitted by receptive figs, only five were found to be active on female antennae. Behavioural tests show that, in contrast to VOCs presented alone, only a blend with a particular proportion of four of these VOCs is as attractive as the odour of receptive figs, and that if there is a very small change in this blend proportion, the pollinator is no longer attracted. This study revealed that in highly specialized mutualistic interactions specificity could be mediated by a particular blend of common compounds emitted by plants.

scholarly journals MEASURING GENE FLOW AMONG POPULATIONS HAVING HIGH LEVELS OF GENETIC FRAGMENTATION

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-308
Author(s):  
Allan Larson ◽  
David B Wake ◽  
Kay P Yanev
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Flow Parameter ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Genetic Structures ◽  
Future Work

ABSTRACT We present an analysis of the genetic structures of 22 species of salamanders, with regard to levels of gene flow among populations. We estimate the gene flow parameter, Nm (the product of the effective population number and rate of migration among populations) using two alternative methods described by Wright and Slatkin. For most species, these two methods give approximately congruent estimates of Nm; when estimates differ, the method of Wright produces values slightly larger than those derived by the method of Slatkin. We analyze these results in light of independently derived historical inferences of the fragmentation of populations. This analysis suggests that the Nm values calculated from protein polymorphisms may contain information more relevant to historical patterns of gene exchange than to the current population dynamics; moderately large values of Nm may be calculated for species containing populations known to be no longer exchanging genes. Application of a method for estimating the maximum possible rate of gene exchange among populations indicates that, for most species studied here, gene flow among populations probably is no greater than the mutation rate. We suggest that most plethodontid species cannot be viewed as units whose cohesion is maintained by continuing gene exchange. Furthermore, we suggest that phenotypic uniformity among populations is not easily explained by hypotheses of continual stabilizing selection and propose that future work concentrate upon clarification of the genetic and epigenetic factors conferring self-maintenance or autopoietic properties on living systems.

scholarly journals Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors in Older Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy: Findings From a Large Population-Based Cohort

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (34) ◽  
pp. 8620-8628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglin L. Du ◽  
David R. Lairson ◽  
Charles E. Begley ◽  
Shenying Fang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Hematopoietic Growth Factors ◽  
Breast Cancer Chemotherapy

Purpose Hematopoietic growth factors have played a major role in preventing infection and shortening the duration of neutropenia in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Little information is available on how these growth factors are used in patients with cancer outside the clinical trial setting. We performed descriptive and exploratory analyses on the patterns and correlates of the use of hematopoietic growth factors in community-dwelling elderly patients. Patients and Methods We identified 5,843 women from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare-linked data cohorts who were diagnosed with breast cancer at age 65 or older in 1992 to 1999 from the 11 SEER areas and received chemotherapy. Results Overall, 17.3% of the elderly women with breast cancer chemotherapy received filgrastim and 6.8% received epoetin. The use of the growth factors increased significantly over time from 1992 to 1999 (P < .001 for trend). Compared with patients diagnosed in 1992 to 1994, patients diagnosed in 1998 to 1999 were more than five times and 65 times more likely to receive filgrastim and epoetin, respectively, after controlling for other factors such as age and comorbidity. There also was substantial geographic variation in the use of hematopoietic growth factors, ranging from 10.6% in Seattle to 22.9% in Atlanta. Significant predictors of growth factors included patient age, race, tumor stage, and comorbidity. Conclusion There were substantial temporal and geographic variations in the use of hematopoietic growth factors among patients receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer. The nationwide and population-based Medicare claims provide potential for examining the effectiveness, medical costs, and cost effectiveness of hematopoietic growth factors in the community.

Geographic variation of floral scent in a highly specialized pollination mutualism

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Soler ◽  
Martine Hossaert-McKey ◽  
Bruno Buatois ◽  
Jean-Marie Bessière ◽  
Bertrand Schatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Pollination Mutualism

Detection of isozyme polymorphism and estimation of geographic variation in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sugihiko Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Nilaparvata Lugens ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Isozyme Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Structures

AbstractIsozyme polymorphism in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) was investigated using isoelectric focusing. Four of the 18 enzyme systems assayed were polymorphic. Allelic designations could be made for two enzyme systems (PGM and AK), but not for GPI and IDH, and GPI seemed to be sex-linked. Using the two highly polymorphic enzyme systems, GPI and PGM, geographic variation was estimated among several Asian (except Japanese) laboratory populations and several Japanese wild populations. Significant variation was observed among the Asian (except Japanese) populations, but the genetic structures of Japanese populations were very similar to each other. These results are suggestive of substantial differentiation among Asian populations and large panmictic structure of the migrant population.

Geographic variation in seedling morphology of Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia (Casuarinaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Hu ◽  
Chonglu Zhong ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Qingbin Jiang ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Pattern Of Variation ◽  
Different Parts

Seeds collected from 28 natural provenances and introduced populations of Casuarina equisetifolia subsp. equisetifolia L. from Oceania, Asia and Africa were used to study geographic variation in growth and morphology of nursery-grown seedlings. Ten characteristics related to growth and branching habit were measured for each seedling and the resultant data subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. In general, seedlings from Oceania grew more slowly, were more densely branched with fine and upright branching, and had fewer teeth per whorl than those from other areas. Cluster analysis effectively separated Oceania from Asian natural provenances, and revealed the probable original sources of introductions to different parts of Asia and Africa. Further investigation into the pattern of variation through molecular characterisation of genetic material from all major regions of distribution is warranted in order to better understand the genetic relationships and enhance more efficient utilisation of this important casuarina species.

Geographic variation in advertisement calls of Crinia signifera (Anura:Myobatrachidae) in the Bass Strait area of south-eastern Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Littlejohn
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Call Duration ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Central ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pattern Of Variation

The structure of recorded advertisement calls of a total of 176 males of Crinia signifera from eight localities on the south-eastern Australian mainland and Tasmania was investigated. On the basis of number of pulses per call (samples from all localities) and call duration adjusted to 13.0°C (samples from six localities), two geographic groups are recognised: (1) south-central Victoria, and (2) the extreme south-eastern mainland and Tasmania. This pattern of variation is postulated to reflect expansion of a differentiated Tasmanian stock on to the extreme south-eastern Australian mainland along the eastern sill of the Bassian Isthmus during the lower sea levels of the Late Pleistocene. Geographic variation in pulse rate (derived from number of pulses and call duration) was also considered because of its use in previous studies. The variation in dominant frequency in samples from five localities, adjusted for snout–vent length, does not conform to that for number of pulses and call duration, and is attributed to differences in demographic structure and recruitment.

Geographic variation in Prunusserotina

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine K. Carter ◽  
Franklin C. Cech ◽  
Donald H. DeHayes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Leaf Characteristics ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pattern Of Variation

In 1969, 1-year-old black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) seedlings from 21 to 33 provenances were planted at each of four locations in the northeastern United States. After 10 growing seasons, survival at each plantation was related to the latitude of the seed source. Differences in height among provenances were not correlated with the latitude of the seed source. Provenance × plantation interaction for height was large, as were differences in mean height among plantations. Differences in leaf characteristics were associated with the location of the seed source, but the pattern of variation in stem form was random rather than regional.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document