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2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Lindstrom ◽  
Marissa Ahlering ◽  
Jill Hamilton

Restoration often advocates for the use of local seed in restoration, however increasingly new strategies have been proposed to incorporate diverse sources to maintain evolutionary potential within seed mixes. Increasing seed sources per species within a seed mix should increase genetic variation, however, few empirical studies have evaluated how seed source diversity impacts plant community composition following restoration. Thus, the goal of this research was to compare the use of single or multi-source seed mix treatments to plant community diversity following restoration. Using 14 species commonly applied in grassland restoration, we examined plant community diversity following restoration comparing seed mixes with either one or five sources per species across two restoration sites in Minnesota and South Dakota, United States. Following seeding, species establishment and abundance were recorded to calculate plant diversity for each seed mix treatment. There were no major effects of seed mix treatment on community emergence and diversity observed, with the majority of plant establishment reflecting non-seeded species. However, site-specific differences were observed. Heterogeneous land-use history associated with the Minnesota site likely contributed to differences across the restoration treatments. In contrast, community diversity at the South Dakota site was homogeneous across seed mix treatments with changes in plant community influenced solely by early season species establishment. This suggests land-use history irrespective of seed mix treatment influences establishment and persistence, particularly in the first year following restoration. Future monitoring across seasons will be needed to evaluate if community diversity changes in response to seed mix treatment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Clay Kidasi ◽  
Dora Kilalo Chao ◽  
Elias Otieno Obudho ◽  
Agnes Wakesho Mwang'ombe

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grows in diverse agro-ecological zones. In Kenya, it is widely cultivated in Western and Coastal regions. It is mainly grown for food and nutrition security and excess roots are sold to generate income for the farm households. Its productivity per unit of the land area is high compared to maize and wheat which are staple crops in the country. However, scarcity of cassava planting materials and pests and diseases limit production in these regions. This study aimed at revealing the sources and varieties of cassava planting materials used by farmers and other farmers' practices in coastal Kenya. Four focus group discussions (FGD) and a survey were conducted in 2018, using a semi-structured questionnaire targeting 250 farmers. The data collected on the sources of planting materials, preferred varieties and the practices employed by the farmers in cassava production, was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Majority of farmers (83%) interviewed indicated that they recycled planting materials from the previous crop while some 67% respondents obtained the planting material from their neighbors. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization's (KALRO) and the local markets were reported as sources of planting materials by 11 and 5% farmer respondents, respectively. The only formal seed source reported was KALRO. The rest, own seed, neighbors, and the local markets, were informal seed sources. Piecemeal harvesting practiced by 98% of the farmers favored planting material recycling. Farmers dedicated a small proportion of their land (mean 0.2 ha) to cassava production as reported by 60 and 72.8% of farmers from Taita Taveta and Kilifi, respectively. Slightly above half (56%) of the farmers in Kilifi dedicated slightly more land to cassava, planting between 100 and 4,000 cuttings (2.5% of an acre up to a full acre) compared to 87% farmers from Taita Taveta who planted 100 cuttings or less (which is about 2.5% of an acre or less). A majority (81.1%) of farmers in Taita Taveta planted local cassava varieties compared to Kilifi's 57.8%. Slightly above half of the farmer respondents reported Kibandameno as the preferred variety followed by Tajirika as the second preferred variety as reported by 18% farmers. Kibandameno was preferred for its sweet taste by 75.6% farmers while Tajirika was preferred by 52.4% farmers because of the high yielding capacity. Nearly all farmer respondents, in Taita Taveta County obtained the planting material from informal seed sources, except a negligible number, who reported buying their planting material from KALRO, a formal seed source, far from their locality. Farmers sourcing cuttings from a formal seed source such as those from Kilifi County were more likely to use a tractor for land preparation compared to those who sourced planting materials informally who more likely had scarce knowledge on cassava production and the value of cassava. Therefore, interventions to establish a sustainable healthy cassava planting materials seed system are needed to address the systemic constraint and help develop a viable cassava value chain.


2021 ◽  
Vol 914 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Prastyono ◽  
L Haryjanto ◽  
A I Putri ◽  
T Herawan ◽  
M A Fauzi ◽  
...  

Abstract Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) is one of Indonesia’s most economically valuable timber tree species and was listed as Vulnerable in 1998 by the IUCN. To support conservation activities and establish E. zwageri’s plantation, good quality planting stocks should be collected from specific seed sources. Currently, there is only one ironwood seed source in Sumatra that has been registered. This study aimed to assess the potential for an ironwood stand on the KPPN Bulian of the District VIII of PT. Wirakarya Sakti is to be proposed as a seed source. The assessment was conducted on July 2020 by a 100% inventory of ironwood trees in the area of 43 ha. Every individual tree and copy of ironwood was measured for its stem diameter and tree height and observed for its health, flowers, fruits, and seedlings in the ground. In total, 1,029 individual trees, copies and seedlings were recorded. Among them, 116 trees were found to have young fruits and seedlings emergence in the forest floor. Generally, the ironwood stand is sound and meets the criteria to be registered as an identified seed stand of ironwood.


2021 ◽  
Vol 917 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
A Nirsatmanto ◽  
S Sunarti

Abstract Permen LHK:P.3/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/1/2020 and Perdirjen RLPS:P.05/V-SET/2010 are two major regulations for forest tree seed implementation in Indonesia. Referring some Articles in the Regulations, it seems to need further investigation and analysis because primary task of seed source has been confusing with tasks of genetic resources, breeding, and plantation. Varies in reproductive system and advanced technology are also neglected. In addition, documentative (referred as by-process) seems to be main priority rather than ensuring actual seed productivity (referred as by-product). Such condition causes some irrelevant standards in the regulations and posed a contra-productive for the seed sources and further certification. As a result, it tends to eliminate many potential stands as seed source, and poses a causality negative impact diminishing tree grower’s interest for supplying seed and maintaining genetic resources. These problems and along with the increasing difficulty in seed supply have become challenges for the importance of ongoing monitoring and assessment of the existing regulations. This paper proposes some ideas addressing such challenges through regulatory improvements in optimizing the task of seed source, such as re-defining some standards, and focusing on real seed productivity. The improved regulation is also expected to stimulate involvement of community in seed source activities and maintaining potential genetic resources.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
You Katsu ◽  
Kotaro Kato ◽  
Shuji Abe ◽  
Kae Miyazawa

Abstract Natural farming is a type of low-input sustainable agricultural system that is characterized by the avoidance of the use of any animal materials. Production of self-produced seeds by farmers is recommended under natural farming environments, with an expectation of improved crop growth and yield. However, there have been no scientific studies that investigated the performance of self-produced seeds under natural farming. This study investigated the germination rate, growth, and yield of carrots (Daucus carota L.) from different seed sources under natural farming. The main experimental factor was the cultivation method: CT – control; CF – conventional farming; NF1 – natural farming with tillage and compost input; and NF2 – natural farming without tillage and compost, and the subfactor was the seed source: OPN – open-pollinated seeds self-produced under natural farming; OPC – open-pollinated seeds produced under conventional farming; and HB – hybrid seeds. The germination rate of OPN seeds was higher than that of other seeds. In addition, root fresh weight and other root parameters of OPN were as high as for HB seeds. This suggests that using self-produced seeds by farmers improves crop performance in a natural farming system.


Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
John H. Pedlar ◽  
Daniel W. McKenney ◽  
Pengxin Lu ◽  
Ashley Thomson

A variety of responses to climate change have been reported for northern tree populations, primarily from tree-ring and satellite-based studies. Here we employ provenance data to examine growth and survival responses of northern populations (defined here as those occurring north of 52° N) of black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) to southward seed transfers. This space for time substitution affords insights into potential climate change responses by these important northern tree species. Based on previous work, we anticipated relatively flat response curves that peak at much warmer temperatures than those found at seed source origin. These expectations were generally met for growth-related responses, with peak growth associated with seed transfers to environments with mean annual temperatures 2.2 and 3.6 °C warmer than seed source origin for black spruce and jack pine, respectively. These findings imply that northern tree populations harbor a significant amount of resilience to climate warming. However, survival responses told a different story, with both species exhibiting reduced survival rates when moved to warmer and drier environments. Together with the growth-based results, these findings suggest that the warmer and drier conditions expected across much of northern Canada under climate change may reduce survival, but surviving trees may grow at a faster rate up until a certain magnitude of climate warming has been reached. We note that all relationships had high levels of unexplained variation, underlining the many factors that may influence provenance study outcomes and the challenges in predicting tree responses to climate change. Despite certain limitations, we feel that the provenance data employed here provide valuable insights into potential climate change outcomes for northern tree populations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mason W. Kulbaba ◽  
Zebadiah Yoko ◽  
Jill A. Hamilton

The ability of plants to track shifting fitness optima is crucial within the context of global change, where increasing environmental extremes may have dramatic consequences to life history, fitness, and ultimately species persistence. However, to track changing conditions relies upon the complex relationship between genetic and environmental variance, where selection may favor plasticity, the evolution of genetic differences, or both depending on the spatial and temporal scale of environmental heterogeneity. Over three years, we compared the genetic and environmental components of phenological and life-history variation in a common environment for the spring perennial Geum triflorum. Populations were sourced from alvar habitats that exhibit extreme, but predictable annual flood-desiccation cycles and prairie habitats that exhibit similar, but less predictable variation in water availability. Narrow-sense heritabilities were generally higher for early life history (emergence probability) relative to later life history traits (total seed mass), indicating that traits associated with establishment within an environment are under stronger genetic control relative to later life-history fitness expressions, where plasticity may play a larger role. This pattern was particularly notable in seeds sourced from environmentally extreme, but predictable alvar habitats relative to less predictable prairie seed sources. Fitness landscapes based on seed source origin, largely characterized by varying water availability and flower production, described selection as the degree of maladaptation to the prairie common garden environment relative to seed source environment. Plants from alvar populations were consistently closer to the fitness optimum across all years. Annually, the breadth of the fitness optimum expanded primarily along a moisture gradient, with inclusion of more populations onto the expanding optimum. These results highlight the importance of temporally and spatially varying selection for the evolution of life history, indicating plasticity within perennial systems may over time become the primary mechanism to track fitness for later life history events.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2130
Author(s):  
Francesca Carruggio ◽  
Andrea Onofri ◽  
Stefania Catara ◽  
Carmen Impelluso ◽  
Maria Castrogiovanni ◽  
...  

Investigations on seed biology and ecology are of major importance for the conservation of threatened plants, both providing baseline information and suggesting practical approaches. In our study, we focused on the germination behavior of Silene hicesiae Brullo & Signor., a narrow endemic species to Panarea and Alicudi (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy), as well as one of the 50 most threatened Mediterranean island plants. Specifically, the effects of temperature, light, seed age, seed source, and collection year were evaluated; in addition, threshold temperatures and thermal–time parameters were estimated. The thermal range for fresh seed germination resulted between 5 and 15 °C, reaching up to 20 and 25 °C at increasing seed age, with 30 °C being clearly beyond the ceiling temperature. This behavior indicates that fresh seeds exhibit the Type 1 non-deep physiological dormancy, and that germination is regulated by conditional dormancy. This dormancy syndrome emerged as a highly efficient adaptation strategy for this species and, together with thermo-inhibition, would allow seeds to counteract or take advantage of Mediterranean environmental conditions. The comparison between the wild Panarea population and the corresponding ex situ cultivated progeny has enabled the identification of the latter as a suitable seed source for sustainable in situ reinforcement actions, at least in the short-term; indeed, plant cultivation for a single generation did not produce significant modifications in the germination behavior of the offspring.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Rowe ◽  
Tiffany A. Sprague ◽  
Becky Ball ◽  
Debbie Langenfeld ◽  
Lisa Rivera
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