Particulate Matter (PM) Adsorption and Leaf Characteristics of Ornamental Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Cultivars and Two Common Indoor Plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre)

Particulate matter (PM) is a serious threat to human health, climate, and ecosystems. Furthermore, owing to the combined influence of indoor and outdoor particles, indoor PM can pose a greater threat than urban PM. Plants can help to reduce PM pollution by acting as biofilters. Plants with different leaf characteristics have varying capacities to capture PM. However, the PM mitigation effects of plants and their primary factors are unclear. In this study, we investigated the PM adsorption and leaf characteristics of five ornamental sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) cultivars and two common indoor plants (Hedera helix L. and Epipremnum aureum Lindl. & Andre) exposed to approximately 300 μg m−3 of fly ash particles to assess the factors influencing PM adsorption on leaves and to understand the effects of PM pollution on the leaf characteristics of plants. We analyzed the correlation between PM adsorption and photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), leaf area (LA), leaf width/length ratio (W/L), stomatal density (SD), and stomatal pore size (SP). A Pearson’s correlation analysis and a principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the effects of different leaf characteristics on PM adsorption. The analysis indicated that leaf gas exchange factors, such as Pn and Tr, and morphological factors, such as W/L and LA, were the primary parameters influencing PM adsorption in all cultivars and species tested. Pn, Tr, and W/L showed a positive correlation with PM accumulation, whereas LA was negatively correlated.

Rice LEAFY COTYLEDONE1 regulates embryonic envelope development and chlorophyll biogenesis in embryo

The scutellum, coleoptile, coleorhiza, and epiblast (if it exists) consist of a complex embryonic envelope to protect the plumule and radicle inside a grass embryo. Controversies have been provoked for centuries regarding homologies of the grass embryonic structures. Here we found that the rice LEAFY COTYLEDONE1 (LEC1) gene, OsNF-YB7, is vital for embryo development. A leaf-like structure (LL) was developed from the scutellum of osnf-yb7 to replace the embryonic envelope that formed in wild-type. Additionally, osnf-yb7 developed chloroembryos due to overactivated chlorophyll biosynthesis. Thus, OsNF-YB7 likely plays a dual role in chlorophyll biogenesis in rice embryos: (1) OsNF-YB7 directly represses genes, such as rice GOLDED-LIKE1 (OsGLK1), involving chlorophyll biosynthesis; (2) OsNF-YB7 binds to OsGLK1 to repress the downstream genes of OsGLK1. Parallel phenotypes shown in osnf-yb7 and lec1 suggest functional conservation of the LEC1-type genes in plants. Both lec1 cotyledons and osnf-yb7 LL displayed true leaf characteristics. Our morphological and transcriptional evidence implied that LL replaces the embryonic envelope in osnf-yb7, raising the hypothesis that the grass embryonic envelope is an analog of Arabidopsis cotyledon. This study demonstrates that OsNF-YB7 acts as a negative regulator in chlorophyll biogenesis and is important for embryonic envelope formation.

Disease Detection and Remote Monitoring in Chilli Crop Using Image Processing

Observations today have verified that the average crop yield in India is declining due to illnesses that have affected fully grown plants. Chilli plant production is tough due to the plant's vulnerability to a variety of microorganisms, infectious illnesses, and pests. Infections in the chilli plant impact areas such as the leaves and stems. In the early stages of diagnosing chilli illnesses, leaf characteristics are examined. The leaf image is taken and analyzed to determine the health of the chilli plant. Pesticides are currently being tested on chilli plants on a regular basis without first determining the needs of each plant. This ensures that pesticides are only used when diseased plants are discovered. Keywords: Infections in the chilli plant, chilli illnesses, characteristics are examined, Pesticides are currently being tested on chilli plants.

Web App Analysis and Identification of Macro Nutrients of Leaf

India is an agricultural country. Farmers are experiencing great difficulties in managing the fertilizer usage and decease rectification. Non-destructive nutrient deficiency analysis provides effective tool support for precise farming. According to the plant nutrition mechanism, leaf characteristics displays different changing trends under nitrogen (N) deficiency. In this paper the technique presented is for detection of macro nutrients and diseases identification in leaf. In this study, the dynamic capture of leaf by scanning was used to research the changing regulation of leaf characteristics under nutrient deficiency. The samples must be taken under the shadow of farmer. The work begins with capturing the images. From the captured images RGB components are extracted by segmentation process using K-Means clustering algorithm. In this process are host them using MATLAB web app serve, here end user can access and run this web app using browser without installing additional software.

Effect of growth temperature levels on photosynthetic ability and fruit quality of ‘KU-PP2’, a new low-chill peach cultivar

Temperature is a crucial factor in growing plants in a forcing system. Our goal was to introduce low-chill peach cultivars into a forcing culture for early-season peach production with high fruit quality. However, the effects of growth temperature on plant growth and fruit quality during fruit development of the ‘KU-PP2’ peach cultivar have not yet been evaluated. ‘KU-PP2’ trees were grown in containers and transferred to phytotrons after fruit set in April 2019. The air temperature was set at 20, 25, and 30°C until harvest. Photosynthetic ability, leaf characteristics, and fruit quality under each treatment were determined. Long exposure to lower growth temperatures did not cause a change in leaf characteristics or a reduction in photosynthetic ability and fruit quality in the ‘KU-PP2’ peach cultivar. In contrast, the 30°C was found to be associated with a decrease in leaf size and thickness, stomatal density, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and fruit size. Conversely, the high-temperature condition enhanced coloration of the fruit peel and hastened the harvesting period, compared with the lower-temperature treatments. These results indicated that long-term exposure to the moderately high temperature of 30°C negatively affected plant growth and fruit productivity through changed leaf characteristics and a disrupted photosynthesis.

LEAF AND FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF WILD FRUIT Cerasus prostrata GENOTYPES COLLECTED FROM THE CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY

Cerasus prostrata (Lab.) Ser. is quite widespread in some regions of Turkey. It is a wild and deciduous fruit species. The species is commonly encountered in Central Anatolia over the foothills of Erciyes Mountain. In this study, some fruit and leaf characteristics of 30 C. prostrata genotypes collected from the foothills of Erciyes Mountain were determined and genetic diversity among them was presented. Fruit weights of the genotypes varied between 0.66–0.23 g and fruit flesh ratios varied between 84.59–63.11%. Leaf width, leaf length and petiole lengths of the genotypes respectively varied between 1.61–0.68 cm; 4.02–1.82 cm and 0.60–0.28 cm. In genetic analyses, 17 ISSR primers were used and 115 bands were obtained. Of these bands, 98 were polymorphic. All genotypes were distinguished from each other. Relatively high variation was identified between the genotypes and similarity levels varied between 0.70–0.95. Current findings revealed significant information for the preservation and appraisal of C. prostrata. Further studies are recommended for breeding and protection of this species.