scholarly journals Antagonistic Effect on the Lethality of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetid L.) Being Exposed to Binary Mixtures of Metribuzin, Halosulfuron, and Flumioxazin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Samadi Kalkhoran ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim ◽  
Hamid Reza Mohammaddust Chamn Abad ◽  
Jens Carl Streibig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Artificial Soil ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Test Systems

Abstract Frequent use of herbicides might impose a risk for nontarget species, such as earthworms. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures: metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin: flumioxazin on a nontarget earthworm in two test systems. Two experiments on filter paper and two on artificial soil determined lethality and chronic toxicity on the earthworm. Results showed the flumioxazin had no high toxicity in contact filter paper test, with the lethal concentration (LC50) of 153.10 µg a.i cm-2 at 48 h. In the artificial soil test, flumioxazin LC10 was 0.65 mg a.i kg-1 on day 14. Metribuzin showed high toxicity to earthworms in the filter paper test with LC50 17.17 µg a.i cm-2 at 48 h but LC10 of metribuzin. Halosulfuron and metribuzin were highly toxic with LC10 value 0.24 and 0.47 mg a.i kg-1 on day 14. The herbicides' mixed effect showed in both test systems antagonistic effect, meaning that the mixtures retracted the herbicides' action in the earthworms relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. A chronic toxicity test showed that earthworm catalase was stimulated by metribuzin:halosulfuron (50:50%) and metribuzin (100%).

scholarly journals Antagonistic Effect On The Lethality of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetida L.) Being Exposed To Binary Mixtures of Herbicides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Samadi Kalkhoran ◽  
Mohamad Taghi Alebrahim ◽  
Hamid Reza Mohammaddust Chamn Abad ◽  
Jens Carl Streibig ◽  
Ali Ghavidel
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Test System ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Soil Toxicity ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Frequent use of herbicides might impose a risk for non-target species. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures: metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin on non-target earthworms in two test systems, a filter paper, and a soil toxicity test system. The joint action experiments were independently run twice to substantiate the findings. The most potent individual herbicide was metribuzin with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 17.17 µg ai. cm− 2 at 48 h in filter paper test. The toxicity of the individual herbicides on filter paper test was ranked as metribuzin > halosulfuron > flumioxazin. In a soil test, metribuzin and halosulfuron had high toxicity with the LC50 8.48 and 10.08 mg ai. kg− 1 on day 14. Thus, the individual herbicide ranking did not change between the filter paper and artificial soil tests. The herbicides' mixed effect showed in both test systems consistent antagonistic effect relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. It means that the mixtures retracted the herbicides' action in the earthworms.

scholarly journals Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6644
Author(s):  
Nur Adila Adnan ◽  
Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi ◽  
Siti Salwa Abd Gani ◽  
Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan ◽  
Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Mixture Toxicity ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Acute Test ◽  
Acute And Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Luminescence Inhibition ◽  
Toxicity Unit

Predicting the crucial effect of single metal pollutants against the aquatic ecosystem has been highly debatable for decades. However, dealing with complex metal mixtures management in toxicological studies creates a challenge, as heavy metals may evoke greater toxicity on interactions with other constituents rather than individually low acting concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity mechanisms are different between short term and long term exposure of the metal toxicant. In this study, acute and chronic toxicity based on luminescence inhibition assay using newly isolated Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE as the indicator are presented. Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE was exposed to the mixture at a predetermined ratio of 1:1. TU (Toxicity Unit) and MTI (Mixture Toxic Index) approach presented the mixture toxicity of Hg2+ + Ag+, Hg2+ + Cu2+, Ag+ + Cu2+, Hg2+ + Ag+ + Cu2+, and Cd2+ + Cu2+ showed antagonistic effect over acute and chronic test. Binary mixture of Cu2+ + Zn2+ was observed to show additive effect at acute test and antagonistic effect at chronic test while mixture of Ni2+ + Zn2+ showing antagonistic effect during acute test and synergistic effect during chronic test. Thus, the strain is suitable and their use as bioassay to predict the risk assessment of heavy metal under acute toxicity without abandoning the advantage of chronic toxicity extrapolation.

scholarly journals Inter-test reliability of the anti-RESA indices based on ELISA tests using eluates from whole blood spots dried on filter paper

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. DUARTE ◽  
T. W. GYORKOS ◽  
L. PANG ◽  
S. ÁVILA ◽  
C. J. F. FONTES
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Test Reliability ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Elisa Testing ◽  
Erythrocyte Surface ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Study Population

The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA), is one of the falciparum malaria vaccine candidates rarely studied in Brazil. Fieldwork logistics to conduct serology studies is simplified when eluates from whole blood dried on filter paper can be used. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the inter-test reliability for the anti-RESA ELISA-based indices using eluates from filter paper and from serum samples. The study population consisted of 210 individuals (Brazil) from whom matched samples were collected. Anti-RESA ELISA-based index means (±S.D.) were 15.29% (±28.13%) for filter paper and 11.79% (±23.67%) for serum samples. The intra-class correlation coefficient was estimated to be 82.38%, indicating high test reliability. However, there was a significant tendency for filter paper test results to have higher values than serum sample test results (P<0.001). Explanations for this finding may be the presence of haemoglobin in the eluates from filter paper, which may interfere with ELISA testing.

Effect of Compaction Degree on Soil-Water Characteristic Curve of Chongming Clay

2011 ◽  
Vol 90-93 ◽  
pp. 701-706
Author(s):  
Jing Song Qian ◽  
Hang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Soil Water Characteristic Curve ◽  
Gravimetric Water Content ◽  
Compaction Degree

The soil-water characteristic defines the relationship between the soil suction and gravimetric water content, w, or the volumetric water content, θ, or the degree of saturation, S. It is a convenient method to predict water content in the subgrade using the curve. But in the field tests of subgrades, the compaction degree of soil became lower with time than initially designed. With the purpose of finding out effect of compaction degree on soil-water characteristic curve, a study to the SWCC (soil-water characteristic curve) of Chongming low liquid limit clay using filter paper method was carried out and is presented in this paper. Specimens of different water contents were prepared by absorbing different amount of water, in order to better simulate the process of wetting of subgrade soil. After the filter paper test, the soil-water characteristic curve was fitted with two models, and then the effect of compaction degree on the curve was analyzed. The figures show that the compaction degree of the specimen will decrease with higher water content, and from the gravimetric water content-matric suction curve, it is found that compaction degree has an effect on air-entry value and water storage capacity.

scholarly journals Screening patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy for Fabry disease using a filter-paper test: the FOCUS study

Heart ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Hagege ◽  
E. Caudron ◽  
T. Damy ◽  
R. Roudaut ◽  
A. Millaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Paper Test

Joint Action Analysis Utilizing Concentration Addition and Independent Action Models

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Abendroth ◽  
Erin E. Blankenship ◽  
Alex R. Martin ◽  
Fred W. Roeth
Keyword(s):  
Joint Action ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Independent Action ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Action Models

In weed science literature, models such as concentration addition, independent action, effect summation, and the parallel line assay technique have been used to predict and analyze whole-plant response to herbicide mixtures. Although a joint action reference model is necessary for determining whether the herbicide mixture provides less than (antagonistic), equal to (zero-interaction or additive), or greater than (synergistic) expected control, model selection often occurs with little regard to the model's underlying biological assumptions. The joint action models of concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) are the appropriate models to consider for analysis of herbicide mixtures of two active components. CA assumes additivity of dose, with herbicides differing only in potency, whereas IA assumes multiplicativity of effects, in which herbicides behave independently and sequentially within the plant. CA and IA predicted mixture responses were computed for a sample mixture data set of mesotrione plus atrazine. IA predicted lower mixture responses than CA; for example, mesotrione at 17.5 g ha−1+ atrazine at 140 g ha−1was predicted to provide 45% (IA) compared with 53% (CA) control of Palmer amaranth. Joint action claims of synergism and antagonism were shown to be dependent on the reference model selected. Although mesotrione plus atrazine combinations were synergistic under IA assumptions, analysis under CA assumptions indicated mesotrione plus atrazine to be synergistic, additive, and antagonistic according to the selected effective concentration (ECx) level and fixed-ratio mixture. Because it is not possible to determine the appropriate joint action model on the basis of fit of predicted to observed mixture data, the appropriateness of underlying biological assumptions was considered for the sample mixture data set. Additionally, we provide decision criteria to aid researchers in their selection of an appropriate joint action reference model.

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