Antagonistic Effect On The Lethality of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetida L.) Being Exposed To Binary Mixtures of Herbicides

Abstract Frequent use of herbicides might impose a risk for non-target species. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures: metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin:flumioxazin on non-target earthworms in two test systems, a filter paper, and a soil toxicity test system. The joint action experiments were independently run twice to substantiate the findings. The most potent individual herbicide was metribuzin with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 17.17 µg ai. cm− 2 at 48 h in filter paper test. The toxicity of the individual herbicides on filter paper test was ranked as metribuzin > halosulfuron > flumioxazin. In a soil test, metribuzin and halosulfuron had high toxicity with the LC50 8.48 and 10.08 mg ai. kg− 1 on day 14. Thus, the individual herbicide ranking did not change between the filter paper and artificial soil tests. The herbicides' mixed effect showed in both test systems consistent antagonistic effect relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. It means that the mixtures retracted the herbicides' action in the earthworms.

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Antagonistic Effect on the Lethality of Earthworm (Eisenia Fetid L.) Being Exposed to Binary Mixtures of Metribuzin, Halosulfuron, and Flumioxazin

10.21203/rs.3.rs-204749/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elham Samadi Kalkhoran ◽

Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim ◽

Hamid Reza Mohammaddust Chamn Abad ◽

Jens Carl Streibig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Filter Paper ◽

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Reference Model ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Artificial Soil ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

High Toxicity ◽

Paper Test ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Test Systems

Abstract Frequent use of herbicides might impose a risk for nontarget species, such as earthworms. The objective was to test the combined toxic effect of binary herbicide mixtures: metribuzin:halosulfuron and metribuzin: flumioxazin on a nontarget earthworm in two test systems. Two experiments on filter paper and two on artificial soil determined lethality and chronic toxicity on the earthworm. Results showed the flumioxazin had no high toxicity in contact filter paper test, with the lethal concentration (LC50) of 153.10 µg a.i cm-2 at 48 h. In the artificial soil test, flumioxazin LC10 was 0.65 mg a.i kg-1 on day 14. Metribuzin showed high toxicity to earthworms in the filter paper test with LC50 17.17 µg a.i cm-2 at 48 h but LC10 of metribuzin. Halosulfuron and metribuzin were highly toxic with LC10 value 0.24 and 0.47 mg a.i kg-1 on day 14. The herbicides' mixed effect showed in both test systems antagonistic effect, meaning that the mixtures retracted the herbicides' action in the earthworms relative to a Concentration Addition reference model. A chronic toxicity test showed that earthworm catalase was stimulated by metribuzin:halosulfuron (50:50%) and metribuzin (100%).

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Application of commercial test-systems to identify gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp3.01.043 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 43-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Patyka ◽

L. Butsenko ◽

L. Pasichnyk

Keyword(s):

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Test System ◽

Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Test Systems ◽

Facultatively Anaerobic ◽

Microbiological Methods

Aim. To validate the suitability of commercial API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) for the identifi cation and characterization of facultative gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterial isolates. Methods. Conventional mi- crobiological methods, API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Re- sults. The identifi cation results for Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pantoea agglome- rans isolates were derived from the conventional and API 20E test systems, which, were in line with the literature data for these species. The API 20E test-system showed high suitability for P. agglomerans isolates identifi cation. Although not all the species of facultatively anaerobic phytopathogenic bacteria may be identi- fi ed using API 20E test-system, its application will surely allow obtaining reliable data about their physiologi- cal and biochemical properties, valuable for identifi cation of bacteria, in the course of 24 h. Conclusions. The results of tests, obtained for investigated species while using API 20E test-system, and those of conventional microbiological methods coincided. The application of API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) ensures fast obtain- ing of important data, which may be used to identify phytopathogenic bacteria of Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea genera.

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Microtox evaluation of industrial wastewaters

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1994.0516 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 97-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Cheng-Fang Lin ◽

Oliver J. Hao ◽

Fu-Tien Jeng

Keyword(s):

Treatment Process ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Industrial Parks ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Microtox Assay ◽

Microtox Toxicity ◽

The Individual ◽

Final Effluent

The main purpose of this study was to establish an inhibitory database using the Microtox assay for different wastes. The waste samples included 19 pretreated industrial wastes from two different industrial parks, 11 other industrial wastes outside industrial parks, and different treatment process effluents. The following is a brief summary of the findings from this study: (1) COD and BOD had a close relationship among different wastes; (2) Microtox data did not correlate with the conventional parameters of BOD, COD and SS; (3) many wastes did not meet the pretreatment standards and exhibited high Microtox toxicity; (4) some wastes exhibited high Microtox toxicity, although they met the pretreatment standards; (5) the mixture of the individual wastes exhibited an antagonistic effect; (6) the activated sludge process removed 60-75% of influent toxicity; and (7) the final effluent sometimes showed an increase in Microtox toxicity.

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The Michigan BioTrust for Health: Using Dried Bloodspots for Research to Benefit the Community While Respecting the Individual

The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics ◽

10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00577.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (S1) ◽

pp. 98-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Denise Chrysler ◽

Harry McGee ◽

Janice Bach ◽

Ed Goldman ◽

Peter D. Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Community Health ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Health Program ◽

The State ◽

Public Health Laboratory ◽

Public Health Program ◽

Personal Use ◽

The Individual ◽

Blood Spot

The Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) stores almost 4 million dried blood spot specimens (DBS) in the Michigan Neonatal Biobank. DBS are collected from newborns under a mandatory public health program to screen for serious conditions. At 24 to 36 hours of age, a few drops of blood are taken from the baby’s heel and placed on a filter paper card. The card is sent to the state public health laboratory for testing. After testing, MDCH retains the spots indefinitely for the personal use of the patient and also, pursuant to a 2000 law, for possible research.

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Chemical monitoring of Swedish coastal waters indicates common exceedances of environmental thresholds, both for individual substances as well as their mixtures

10.7287/peerj.preprints.2894 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Mikael B Gustavsson ◽

Jörgen Magnér ◽

Bethanie Carney Almroth ◽

Martin K Eriksson ◽

Joachim Sturve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Chemical Pollution ◽

Chemical Contamination ◽

Total Risk ◽

Environmental Chemical ◽

Swedish West Coast ◽

Chemical Monitoring ◽

Chemical Risk Assessment ◽

The Individual

Chemical pollution was monitored and assessed along the Swedish west coast. 62 of 172 analyzed organic chemicals were detected in the water phase of at least one of five monitored sites. A Concentration Addition based screening-level risk assessment indicates that all sites are put at risk from chemical contamination, with total risk quotients between 2 and 9. Only at one site did none of the individual chemicals exceeded its individual environmental threshold (PNEC, EQS). The monitoring data thus demonstrate a widespread blanket of diffuse pollution, with no clear trends amongst sites. Further issues critical for the environmental chemical risk assessment include the challenges to achieve sufficiently low levels of detection especially for hormones and cybermethrin (a pyrethroid insecticide), the appropriate consideration of non-detects and the limited availability of reliable PNECs and EQS values.

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Sensitivity of plant and bacterial test systems in detecting of mutagenic effects of oil pollution

Ecological genetics ◽

10.17816/ecogen4122-27 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

Petimat M Djambetova ◽

Nina V Reutova

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Ames Test ◽

Oil Pollution ◽

Mutagenic Effect ◽

Test System ◽

Test Systems ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Plant Test ◽

Mutagenic Effects ◽

By Products

The plant test system soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merill) line T219 turned out to be more sensitive than standart Ames test for evaluation of the mutagenic effect of soil, contaminated by products of combustion and domestic cottage processing of oil. It is preferable to use plant test systems for such investigations because they are more sensitive, simple and inexpensive in comparison with microbial ones.

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Mixture Effects of 3 Mechanistically Different Steroidogenic Disruptors (Prochloraz, Genistein, and Ketoconazole) in the H295R Cell Assay

International Journal of Toxicology ◽

10.1177/1091581815599375 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 534-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Frederik Knud Nielsen ◽

Cecilie Hurup Hansen ◽

Jennifer Anna Fey ◽

Martin Hansen ◽

Bent Halling-Sørensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Endocrine Disruptors ◽

Mixture Toxicity ◽

Concentration Addition ◽

Mixture Effects ◽

Modes Of Action ◽

Cell Assay ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

H295r Cells ◽

The Individual

Mixture effects of 3 model endocrine disruptors, prochloraz, ketoconazole, and genistein, on steroidogenesis were tested in the adrenocortical H295R cell line. Seven key steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were analyzed using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects throughout the steroidogenic pathway. Current modeling approaches often rely on models assuming compounds acting independently and that the individual effects in some way can be summarized to predict a mixture effect. In H295R cells with an intact steroidogenic pathway, such assumptions may not be feasible. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate whether effects of a mixture with differing modes of action followed or deviated from additivity (concentration addition) and whether the H295R cell line was suitable for evaluating mixture toxicity of endocrine disruptors with different modes of action. The compounds were chosen because they interfere with steroidogenesis in different ways. They all individually decrease the concentrations of the main sex steroids downstream but exert different effects upstream in the steroidogenic pathway. Throughout the study, we observed lowest observed effect concentrations of mixtures at levels 2 to 10 times higher than the predicted EC50, strongly indicating antagonistic effects. The results demonstrate that chemical analysis combined with the H295R cell assay is a useful tool also for studying how mixtures of endocrine disruptors with differing modes of action interfere with the steroidogenic pathway and that existing models like concentration addition are insufficient in such cases. Furthermore, for end points where compounds exert opposite effects, no relevant models are available.

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A comparison of ten USEPA approved total coliform/E. coli tests

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2007.008b ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 267-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Jeremy Olstadt ◽

James Jay Schauer ◽

Jon Standridge ◽

Sharon Kluender

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

False Positive ◽

The United States ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Test System ◽

E Coli ◽

Test Systems ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Different Strains ◽

Positive Results

Since 2002, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has approved ten enzyme-based total coliform and E. coli detection tests for examination of drinking water. These tests include: Colilert®, Colilert-18®, Colisure®, m-Coli Blue 24®, Readycult® Coliforms 100, Chromocult®, Coliscan®, E*Colite®, Colitag™ and MI Agar. The utility of the enzyme based test systems is based on both the ability of the test to detect the target organisms at low levels and the ability of the test system to suppress the growth of non-target organisms that might result in false positive results. Differences in the ability of some of these methods to detect total coliform and E. coli, as well as suppress Aeromonas spp., a common cause of “false positive” results, have been observed. As a result, this study was undertaken to elucidate the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Water samples were collected from three geographically and chemically diverse groundwaters in Wisconsin. One-hundred milliliter aliquots were individually spiked with both low concentrations (one to ten organisms) and high concentrations (fifty to one-hundred) of each of five different total coliform organisms (Serratia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, E. coli, & Klebsiella). These spiked samples were used to test the capability of ten enzyme-based test systems to both detect and enumerate the spiked organisms. In addition, 100 ml samples were independently spiked with two different strains of Aeromonas spp. at six different levels, to assess the ability of each enzyme-based test to suppress Aeromonas spp. Analysis of the data indicated that wide variability exists among USEPA approved tests to detect and quantify total coliforms, as well as suppress Aeromonas spp.

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Selection of Test Systems for Ecological Analysis

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1987.0111 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 47-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E. E. Herricks ◽

D. J. Schaeffer

Keyword(s):

Experimental Testing ◽

Experimental Manipulation ◽

Test System ◽

Ecological Systems ◽

Careful Selection ◽

Ecological Analysis ◽

Test Systems ◽

Biochemical Assays ◽

System Selection ◽

Selection Of

Biological monitoring programs developed for ecosystem management, including experimental testing and descriptive assessments can be improved through careful selection of test systems. Test systems are a defined analysis unit employed to examine or assess. Test systems may range from simple biochemical assays to experimental manipulation of ecological systems. We have developed an efficient methodology for the selection of test systems used to assess the ecological system effects of chemicals. The process includes the recognition of ecosystem critical factors, identification of potential measures for these factors and selection of appropriate metrics for experimentation or assessment. A decision tree which leads to two methods for test system selection is proposed.

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The Impact of Dietary Grape Seed Meal on Healthy and Aflatoxin B1 Afflicted Microbiota of Pigs after Weaning

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins11010025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Iulian A. Grosu ◽

Gina C. Pistol ◽

Ionelia Taranu ◽

Daniela E. Marin

Keyword(s):

Large Intestine ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Seed Meal ◽

Control Group ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

The study investigated the effect of grape seed (GS) meal, aflatoxin (AFB1), or their combination on the large intestine microbiota of weanling piglets. Twenty-four piglets were allocated into four groups based on diet composition: (1) Control group; (2) AFB1 (320 g/kg feed) group; (3) GS group (8% inclusion in the diet); (4) AFB1 + GS group. After 30 days of experiment, the colon content was used for microbiota analyses; after isolation of total bacterial genomic DNA, V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The raw sequences were analyzed using the v.1.9.1 QIIME pipeline software. 157 numbers of OTUs were identified among all four dietary groups with 26 of them being prevalent above 0.05% in the total relative abundance. GS and AFB1 increase the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, while decreasing the Firmicutes abundance in a synergic manner as compared with the individual treatments. An additive or synergistic action of the two treatments was identified for Lactobacillus, Prevotella and Campylobacter, while rather an antagonistic effect was observed on Lachnospira. The action mechanisms of aflatoxin B1 and grape seed meal that drive the large intestine microbiota to these changes are not known and need further investigations.

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