scholarly journals An Empirical Approach toward the SLCF reduction targets in Asia for the Mid-term Climate Change Mitigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAJIME AKIMOTO ◽  
Tatsuya Nagashima ◽  
Hiroshi Tanimoto ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Markus Amann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chemical Climate ◽  
Gains Model ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Change Mitigation

Abstract Although importance of co-control of SLCFs together with the emission reduction of CO 2 has attracted much attention for the mid-term climate change mitigation, their contribution to radiative forcing (RF) are rather complex, and chemical-climate model analysis for the future scenario tends to give black box for the contribution of each species. In order to deliver a more straightforward message on the effect of the reduction of SLCFs to policymakers, we propose “top-down” reduction targets of CH 4 and tropospheric O 3 in reference to the historical levels of their RF. Although the RF increase due to the increasing CO 2 concentration is inevitable in mid-term future (ca. 0.80 W m -2 in 2040), the RF of CH 4 and O 3 is expected to decrease from 0.48 to 0.41, 0.34, 0.27, and 0.22 W m -2 , and from 0.40 to 0.29, 0.23, 0.19, and 0.15 W m -2 , respectively, if their atmospheric concentrations decrease from the level of 2010 to those of 1980, 1970, 1960 and 1950, according to the IPCC 2013 database. Consequently, the sum of -ΔRF x (CH 4 ) and -ΔRF x (O 3 ) (the difference of RF between the target year of x and 2010 as the base year) are 0.18, 0.31, 0.42 and 0.51 W m -2 in 1980, 1970, 1960 and 1950, respectively. This indicates that the increase of ΔRF 2040 (CO 2 ) can be compensated by of 23 to 64%, and the policy target can be selected from the combination of different target years for CH 4 and O 3 . With these global reduction ratio the necessary reductions in CH 4 , NO x, and NMVOC in Asia was estimated and compared with the GAINS model-based cost-beneficial reduction amount proposed by the Solution Report prepared under UN Environment Asia pacific Office. The comparison suggests that the reduction of O 3 to the 1970 level is promising if the emissions of NO x and NMVOC from other parts of the world are reduced coherently, but further efforts would be necessary for the reduction of CH 4 emissions to realize the 1970 concentration level.

scholarly journals An empirical approach toward the SLCP reduction targets in Asia for the mid-term climate change mitigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Akimoto ◽  
Tatsuya Nagashima ◽  
Hiroshi Tanimoto ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Markus Amann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gains Model ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations ◽  
Change Mitigation

AbstractAlthough importance of co-control of SLCPs together with the emission reduction of CO2 has attracted much attention for the mid-term climate change mitigation, the contribution to radiative forcing (RF) is rather complex, and chemistry-climate model analysis for the future scenario tends to give a “black box” for the contribution of each species. In order to deliver a more straightforward message on the effect of the reduction of SLCPs to policymakers, we propose “top-down” reduction targets of CH4 and tropospheric O3 in reference to the historical levels of their RF. Although the RF increase due to the increasing CO2 concentration is inevitable in mid-term future (ca. 0.80 W m−2 in 2040), the RF of CH4 and O3 is expected to decrease from 0.48 to 0.41, 0.34, 0.27, and 0.22 W m−2, and from 0.40 to 0.29, 0.23, 0.19, and 0.15 W m−2, respectively, if their atmospheric concentrations decrease from the level of 2010 to those of 1980, 1970, 1960, and 1950, according to the IPCC 2013 database. Consequently, the sum of ΔRFx(CH4) and ΔRFx(O3) (the difference of RF between the target year of x and 2010 as the base year) are 0.18, 0.31, 0.42, and 0.51 W m−2 in 1980, 1970, 1960, and 1950, indicating that the increase of ΔRF2040(CO2) can be compensated by 23, 39, 53, and 64%, respectively. The policy target can be selected from the combination of different target years each for CH4 and O3. With this global reduction ratio, the necessary reductions in CH4, NOx, and NMVOC in Asia were estimated and compared with the GAINS model-based cost-beneficial reduction amount proposed by the Solution Report prepared under UN Environment Asia and the Pacific Office. In order to attain the targeted reduced emission level of CH4 and NOx, new technology/practice for the reduction of livestock emission of CH4 and energy transformation from fossil fuel to renewable energy is highly advantageous for NOx reduction from industrial/power plant sources.

scholarly journals Charting pathways to climate change mitigation in a coupled socio-climate model

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e1007000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Bury ◽  
Chris T. Bauch ◽  
Madhur Anand
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Change Mitigation

scholarly journals Carbon prospecting in tropical forests for climate change mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Pin Koh ◽  
Yiwen Zeng ◽  
Tasya Vadya Sarira ◽  
Kelly Siman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Carbon Finance ◽  
Carbon Prices ◽  
Change Mitigation

AbstractCarbon finance projects that protect tropical forests could support both nature conservation and climate change mitigation goals. Global demand for nature-based carbon credits is outpacing their supply, due partly to gaps in knowledge needed to inform and prioritize investment decisions. Here, we show that at current carbon market prices the protection of tropical forests can generate investible carbon amounting to 1.8 (±1.1) GtCO2e yr−1 globally. We further show that financially viable carbon projects could generate return-on-investment amounting to $46.0b y−1 in net present value (Asia-Pacific: $24.6b y−1; Americas: $19.1b y−1; Africa: $2.4b y−1). However, we also find that ~80% (1.24 billion ha) of forest carbon sites would be financially unviable for failing to break even over the project lifetime. From a conservation perspective, unless carbon prices increase in the future, it is imperative to implement other conservation interventions, in addition to carbon finance, to safeguard carbon stocks and biodiversity in vulnerable forests.

scholarly journals A survey of ASEAN instruments relating to peatlands, mangroves and other wetlands: The REDD+ context

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kheng-Lian Koh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
Selection Of

Since the 13th Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit in November 2007, held in Singapore, ASEAN has accelerated its response to climate change issues, including REDD+ as a mechanism for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and to enhance conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. There are many wetlands in ASEAN including more than 25 million ha of peatlands spread over Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam and Lao PDR. The peatlands account for 60 per cent of global tropical peatland resources. They are of significance for sequestration of carbon. However, degraded wetlands, including peatlands, are also a major source of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Of the types of wetlands, ASEAN has focused attention predominantly on peatlands in relation to REDD+, mainly because of the ‘Indonesian Haze’. The Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law (APCEL) organised a Workshop titled, REDD+ and Legal Regimes of Mangroves, Peatland and Other Wetlands: ASEAN and the World, in Singapore from 15-16 November 2012. The articles contained in this special themed edition of the International Journal of Rural Law and Policy (IJRLP) contains a selection of the papers presented. This editorial will provide a brief background to some aspects of REDD+. Included in this issue of IJRLP is a summary of the proceedings of the workshop as interpreted by the assigned rapporteur and editors of APCEL. These summaries were reviewed and approved by the presenters.

scholarly journals KETIDAKPASTIAN DALAM PEMODELAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM

OSEANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Ahmad Bayhaqi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Climate Prediction ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Quantitative Skills ◽  
The Future ◽  
Change Mitigation

THE UNCERTAINTIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING. Climate in the Earth has changed over the periods and will be estimated to give the a significant impact for environment in the future. Climate prediction using a simulation model, as a tool to predict the future climate and it requires the high quantitative skills and technology, has showed the significant improvement. However, the climate model depends on the input variable and the result may be inaccurate because its biases and uncertainties. Information of the uncertainties in the climate model can determine the modification in climate change mitigation and show the way how to adapt with the inevitable changes.

scholarly journals Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Günther ◽  
Alexandra Barthelmes ◽  
Vytas Huth ◽  
Hans Joosten ◽  
Gerald Jurasinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Peatland Rewetting ◽  
Change Mitigation

AbstractPeatlands are strategic areas for climate change mitigation because of their matchless carbon stocks. Drained peatlands release this carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Peatland rewetting effectively stops these CO2 emissions, but also re-establishes the emission of methane (CH4).Essentially, management must choose between CO2 emissions from drained or CH4 emissions from rewetted peatland. This choice must consider radiative effects and atmospheric lifetimes of both gases, with CO2 being a weak but persistent and CH4 a strong but short-lived greenhouse gas. The resulting climatic effects are, thus, strongly time-dependent. We used a radiative forcing model to compare forcing dynamics of global scenarios for future peatland management using areal data from the Global Peatland Database. Our results show that CH4 radiative forcing does not undermine the climate change mitigation potential of peatland rewetting. Instead, postponing rewetting increases the long-term warming effect of continued CO2 emissions. Warnings against CH4 emissions from rewetted peatlands are therefore unjustified and counterproductive.

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