scholarly journals Immunity Against a Japanese Local Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Decreases Viremia and Symptoms of a Highly Pathogenic Strain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIROSHI ISEKI ◽  
Kenji Kawashima ◽  
Tomoyuki Shibahara ◽  
Masaji Mase
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Deletion ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Abstract Background: The type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has spread throughout countries of southeast Asia, where it has caused severe economic losses. Even countries presently free of PRRSV are at high risk for infection and spread of this virus. Some of these countries, including Japan, have broad epidemics of the local type 2 PRRSV, creating chronic pathogenicity in the domestic pig population. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of immunity by infection with a Japanese field isolate, EDRD1, against heterologous challenge with a Vietnamese HP-PRRSV field strain. To this end, four groups of PRRSV-negative crossbreed piglets were used for a challenge study. Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with EDRD1 via the intranasal route. After 26 days, Groups 2 and 3 were inoculated with HP-PRRSV via the same route. Group 4 served as an uninfected control. Blood and oral fluid samples were taken every 3–4 days after HP-PRRSV challenge; on day 16 post-challenge, all pigs were euthanized, and examined pathologically.Results: The nucleotide sequence analysis of nonstructural protein 2 gene of EDRD1 and comparison with Vietnamese HP-PRRSV showed that the 39 amino acid deletion sites of EDRD1 was nearly in the same region as the 29 amino acid deletion sites of HP-PRRSV. Immunity conferred by inoculation with EDRD1 dramatically reduced viral load in the sera and tissues besides viral shedding (Group 2) compared with those in pigs infected only with HP-PRRSV (Group 3). The clinical signs and rectal temperature were significantly reduced, and the average daily weight gain was significantly improved in the EDRD1-inoculated pigs (Group 2) compared with the Group 3 pigs. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in various organs of the Group 2 pigs 16 days post-infection with HP-PRRSV, except in one pig. Therefore, the immunity induced by EDRD1 and its genetically close field isolates may play a role in reducing viremia caused by HP-PRRSV.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that pigs are highly protected against heterologous Vietnamese HP-PRRSV challenge by immunity against a Japanese local strain, EDRD1.

scholarly journals Immunity against a Japanese local strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus decreases viremia and symptoms of a highly pathogenic strain

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Iseki ◽  
Kenji Kawashima ◽  
Tomoyuki Shibahara ◽  
Masaji Mase
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Deletion ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Abstract Background The type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has spread throughout countries of southeast Asia, where it has caused severe economic losses. Even countries presently free of PRRSV are at high risk for infection and spread of this virus. Some of these countries, including Japan, have broad epidemics of the local type 2 PRRSV, creating chronic pathogenicity in the domestic pig population. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of immunity by infection with a Japanese field isolate, EDRD1, against heterologous challenge with a Vietnamese HP-PRRSV field strain. To this end, four groups of PRRSV-negative crossbreed piglets were used for a challenge study. Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with EDRD1 via the intranasal route. After 26 days, Groups 2 and 3 were inoculated with HP-PRRSV via the same route. Group 4 served as an uninfected control. Blood and oral fluid samples were taken every 3–4 days after HP-PRRSV challenge; on day 16 post-challenge, all pigs were euthanized, and examined pathologically. Results The nucleotide sequence analysis of nonstructural protein 2 gene of EDRD1 and comparison with Vietnamese HP-PRRSV showed that the 39 amino acid deletion sites of EDRD1 was nearly in the same region as the 29 amino acid deletion sites of HP-PRRSV. Immunity conferred by inoculation with EDRD1 dramatically reduced viral load in the sera and tissues besides viral shedding (Group 2) compared with those in pigs infected only with HP-PRRSV (Group 3). The clinical signs and rectal temperature were significantly reduced, and the average daily weight gain was significantly improved in the EDRD1-inoculated pigs (Group 2) compared with the Group 3 pigs. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in various organs of the Group 2 pigs 16 days post-infection with HP-PRRSV, except in one pig. Therefore, the immunity induced by EDRD1 and its genetically close field isolates may play a role in reducing viremia caused by HP-PRRSV. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate that pigs are highly protected against heterologous Vietnamese HP-PRRSV challenge by immunity against a Japanese local strain, EDRD1.

scholarly journals The 30-Amino-Acid Deletion in the Nsp2 of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Emerging in China Is Not Related to Its Virulence

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 5156-5167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Jialong Zhang ◽  
Jingwen Zeng ◽  
Shuoyan Yin ◽  
Yanhua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Parental Virus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Amino Acid Deletion ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Prrsv Strain ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Prrsv

ABSTRACT During the past 2 years, an atypical clinical outbreak, caused by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) with a unique 30-amino-acid deletion in its Nsp2-coding region, was pandemic in China. In this study, we generated four full-length infectious cDNA clones: a clone of the highly virulent PRRSV strain JXwn06 (pWSK-JXwn), a clone of the low-virulence PRRSV strain HB-1/3.9 (pWSK-HB-1/3.9), a chimeric clone in which the Nsp2 region containing the 30-amino-acid deletion was replaced by the corresponding region of the low-virulence PRRSV strain HB-1/3.9 (pWSK-JXwn-HB1nsp2), and a mutated HB-1/3.9 clone with the same deletion in Nsp2 as JXwn06 (pWSK-HB1-ND30). We also investigated the pathogenicities of the rescued viruses (designated RvJXwn, RvJXwn-HB1nsp2, RvHB-1/3.9, and RvHB1-ND30, respectively) in specific-pathogen-free piglets in order to determine the role of the 30-amino-acid deletion in the virulence of the highly pathogenic PRRSV. All the rescued viruses could replicate stably in MARC-145 cells. Our findings indicated that RvJXwn-HB1nsp2 retained high virulence for piglets, like RvJXwn and the parental virus JXwn06, although the survival time of piglets infected with RvJXwn-HB1nsp2 was obviously prolonged. RvHB1-ND30 exhibited low virulence for piglets, like RvHB-1/3.9 and the parental virus HB-1/3.9. Therefore, we conclude that the 30-amino-acid deletion is not related to the virulence of the highly pathogenic PRRSV emerging in China.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with PCV2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 891
Author(s):  
Jeongmin Suh ◽  
Taehwan Oh ◽  
Keehwan Park ◽  
Siyeon Yang ◽  
Hyejean Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lesion Severity ◽  
Severe Lung

The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

scholarly journals Effects of an Inactivated Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccine on PCV2 Virus Shedding in Semen from Experimentally Infected Boars

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1091-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwi Won Seo ◽  
Kiwon Han ◽  
Duyeol Kim ◽  
Yeonsu Oh ◽  
Ikjae Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Response ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Pcv2 Vaccine ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Negative Controls

ABSTRACTThe objective of the present study was to determine the effect of an inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on PCV2b virus shedding in the semen of experimentally infected boars by measuring the immunological response and the PCV2b DNA load in blood and semen. Twelve boars were randomly divided into three groups. The boars in group 1 (n= 4) were immunized with an inactivated PCV2 vaccine and were challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 2 (n= 4) were only challenged with PCV2b. The boars in group 3 (n= 4) served as negative controls. The number of PCV2 genome copies of PCV2 in the serum and semen were significantly lower in vaccinated challenged boars than in nonvaccinated challenged boars at 7, 10, 14, 21, 32, 35, 42, 49, and 60 days postinoculation. The number of PCV2b genomes in the semen correlated with the number of PCV2b genomes in the blood in both vaccinated challenged (R= 0.714) and nonvaccinated challenged (R= 0.861) boars. The results of the present study demonstrate that the inactivated PCV2 vaccine significantly decreases the amount of PCV2b DNA shedding in semen from vaccinated boars after experimental infection with PCV2b.

A novel HRM assay for differentiating classical strains and highly pathogenic strains of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junying Sun ◽  
Gali Bingga ◽  
Zhicheng Liu ◽  
Chunhong Zhang ◽  
Haiyan Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is a surrogate biomarker for subclinical atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Thallapaneni Sasikala ◽  
Suchitra M Manohar ◽  
Aparna RR Bitla ◽  
S Sarala ◽  
Suresh Vaikkakara
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Aim: We aimed to investigate biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress as surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials & methods: Subjects were grouped based on carotid intima media thickness (CIMT). Group 1: healthy controls (CIMT <0.57 mm); Group 2: T2DM without subclinical atherosclerosis (CIMT <0.57 mm); Group 3: T2DM with subclinical atherosclerosis (CIMT ≥0.57 mm). Results: Significantly higher MDA, Hs-CRP, Ox-LDL, PTX-3, IL-6, ICAM-1 and lower FRAP, IL-10 levels in T2DM groups compared with controls (p = 0.001). Changes were more significant in Group 3 compared with Group 2. ICAM-1 had the highest sensitivity and specificity at a cut-off value of >40.34 ng/ml compared with Ox-LDL and PTX-3 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: ICAM can be considered as an alternate surrogate biomarker of CIMT.

Biosafety Categorisations and Containment Levels

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. William Tong
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) classifies biological agents into four categories (Hazard Groups) according to an approved list by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Biological agents are bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can cause harm to human health, usually due to infection, although some are toxic or can cause an allergy. The approved list is relevant to risk assessment for work with biological agents and the application of appropriate control measures. Hazard Group 1 agents are not considered to pose a risk to human health, while Hazard Group 4 agents present the greatest risk. The principle of the categorization is laid down by the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) based on the following (see also Table 13.1): ● the likelihood that it will cause disease by infection or toxicity in humans; ● how likely it is that the infection would spread to the community; and ● the availability of any prophylaxis or treatment. The ACDP only considers the risks to human health when deciding appropriate classification. Some listed agents can also cause disease in animals (zoonoses) and have also been assigned a hazard classification under the Specified Animal Pathogens Order (SAPO). In allocating human pathogens to a hazard group, no account is taken of particular effects on those whose susceptibility to infection may be affected, for example, because of pre-existing disease, medication, compromised immunity, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Type 2 polio virus has been reclassified from Hazard Group 2 to Hazard Group 3 to bring the UK in line with the expectations of World Health Organization’s global polio eradication programme. This reclassification also applies to attenuated type 2 polio viruses once this component is no longer used as part of the trivalent polio vaccine. Zika virus has been reclassified from Hazard Group 3 to Hazard Group 2 as there is substantial evidence that while it can cause human disease, this is generally mild. It is also unlikely to spread to the community from the laboratory. COSHH regulations specify four containment levels for activities which involve working with biological agents.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Chinese Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus That Has a Further Deletion in the Nsp2 Gene

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guobiao Ji ◽  
Yingying Li ◽  
Feifei Tan ◽  
Jinshan Zhuang ◽  
Xiangdong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Nsp2 Gene

Here, we report the complete genome of a Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) characterized by a further 29-amino acid (87 nucleotides) deletion in its Nsp2-coding region compared to the prototype of the HP-PRRSV JXA1 strain.

scholarly journals Comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated lesions produced by co-infection between two genotypes of PCV2 and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 2486-2494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhoon Park ◽  
Hwi Won Seo ◽  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
Kiwon Han ◽  
Chanhee Chae
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concurrent Infections

The objective of this study was to compare the virulence and pathogenicity of a combination of concurrent infections of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of PCV2 viraemia, and PCV2-associated lesions and antigens in co-infected pigs. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 (or type 2) PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean clinical respiratory scores and lower average daily weight gain compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b). Co-infection induced significantly lower levels of anti-PCV2 and anti-PRRSV IgG antibodies than infection with one genotype alone, regardless of the genotype of the two viruses. Pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 2 PRRSV had significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of PCV2 viraemia, more severe PCV2-associated lesions, and more PCV2 DNA within the lesions compared with pigs with PCV2a (or 2b)/type 1 PRRSV. However, there was no significant difference in these parameters in pigs with PCV2a/type 2 PRRSV or PCV2b/type 2 PRRSV. The results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV but no significant differences in the virulence and pathogenicity of PCV2a and PCV2b with respect to the production of PCV2-associated lesions.

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