When style matters: visual exploration is low dimensional and driven by intrinsic dynamics.

Abstract It is often assumed that we look at objects that are salient and behaviorally relevant, and that we pay attention differently depending on individual genetics, development, and experience. This view should imply high interindividual variability in eye movements. Conversely, we show that 60% of eye movements variance of more than a hundred observers looking at hundreds of different visual scenes could be summarized by a few components. The first component was not related to image-specific information and identified two kinds of observers during visual exploration: "static" and "dynamic". These viewing styles were accurately identifiable even when observers looked at a blank screen and were described by the degree of similarity to a power-law distribution of eye movements, which is thought to be a measure of intrinsic dynamics. This suggests that eye movements during visual exploration of real-world scenes are relatively independent of the visual content and may underlie intrinsic dynamics.

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Visual exploration dynamics are low-dimensional and driven by intrinsic factors

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02608-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Zangrossi ◽

Giorgia Cona ◽

Miriam Celli ◽

Marco Zorzi ◽

Maurizio Corbetta

Keyword(s):

Eye Movement ◽

Latent Variables ◽

Visual Exploration ◽

Visual Images ◽

Power Law Distribution ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Image Saliency ◽

Movement Dynamics ◽

Low Dimensional ◽

Intrinsic Dynamic

AbstractWhen looking at visual images, the eyes move to the most salient and behaviourally relevant objects. Saliency and semantic information significantly explain where people look. Less is known about the spatiotemporal properties of eye movements (i.e., how people look). We show that three latent variables explain 60% of eye movement dynamics of more than a hundred observers looking at hundreds of different natural images. The first component explaining 30% of variability loads on fixation duration, and it does not relate to image saliency or semantics; it approximates a power-law distribution of gaze steps, an intrinsic dynamic measure, and identifies observers with two viewing styles: static and dynamic. Notably, these viewing styles were also identified when observers look at a blank screen. These results support the importance of endogenous processes such as intrinsic dynamics to explain eye movement spatiotemporal properties.

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Face Viewing Behavior Predicts Multisensory Gain During Speech Perception

10.1101/331306 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Johannes Rennig ◽

Kira Wegner-Clemens ◽

Michael S Beauchamp

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Speech Perception ◽

Interindividual Variability ◽

Visual Speech ◽

Fixation Time ◽

Audiovisual Speech Perception ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Auditory Speech ◽

High Interindividual Variability ◽

History Of

AbstractDuring face viewing, some individuals prefer to fixate the mouth while others fixate the eyes. Individuals who have a history of mouth fixation might have stronger associations between visual and auditory speech, resulting in improved comprehension. First, we measured eye movements during face-viewing and observed high interindividual variability in mouth fixation time. Next, we measured eye movements and comprehension during perception of noisy auditory speech with or without visual speech. When visual speech was present, participants primarily fixated the mouth, but derived substantial benefit compared to noisy auditory speech with high interindividual variability. The benefit of visual speech was predicted by the eye movements made during the initial face-viewing task, but not by eye movements during the noisy speech task. These findings suggest a link between eye movements during face viewing and audiovisual speech perception and suggest that individual histories of visual exposure shape abilities across cognitive domains.

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Saliva and serum testosterone following oral testosterone undecanoate administration in normal and hypogonadal men

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1020456 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 102 (3) ◽

pp. 456-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Th. Schürmeyer ◽

E. J. Wickings ◽

C. W. Freischem ◽

E. Nieschlag

Keyword(s):

Interindividual Variability ◽

Serum Testosterone ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Additional Increase ◽

Testosterone Undecanoate ◽

Absorption Pattern ◽

High Interindividual Variability ◽

Normal Men ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Testosterone Ester

Abstract. Since saliva testosterone reflects the testosterone fraction available to target tissues the therapeutic effectiveness of orally administered testosterone undecanoate was assessed by measuring testosterone in serum and saliva. Matched saliva and serum samples were obtained from 12 normal men and 8 hypogonadal men before and at hourly intervals after the oral administration of 120 mg testosterone undecanoate. The test was repeated in 3 men after they had taken 40 mg testosterone undecanoate twice daily for 4 to 5 weeks. Following testosterone undecanoate administration serum and saliva testosterone always showed parallel increases. However, the absorption curves showed a high interindividual variability in the time when maximum concentrations were reached, as well as in the maximum levels themselves. The increases in serum and saliva testosterone were similar in normal and hypogonadal men. In normal men basal levels were reached 4 h after the maximum had occurred, while in hypogonadal men testosterone levels were not different from basal levels 2 h after the maximum. The study shows that testosterone undecanoate is well absorbed from the gut and releases significantly elevated amounts of testosterone which is available to target tissues. As the absorption pattern was always parallel in both fluids, hydrolysis of the circulating testosterone ester by the tissue ifself seems to effect no additional increase of testosterone in the tissue.

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High interindividual variability in urinary fosfomycin concentrations in healthy female volunteers – authors' response

Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.1016/j.cmi.2018.10.017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 256-257

Author(s):

R.A. Wijma ◽

B.C.P. Koch ◽

T. van Gelder ◽

J.W. Mouton

Keyword(s):

Interindividual Variability ◽

Healthy Female ◽

High Interindividual Variability

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The spatial distribution of eye movements predicts the (false) recognition of emotional facial expressions

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245777

Author(s):

Fanny Poncet ◽

Robert Soussignan ◽

Margaux Jaffiol ◽

Baptiste Gaudelus ◽

Arnaud Leleu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

False Recognition ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Visual Exploration ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Facial Emotions ◽

The Face

Recognizing facial expressions of emotions is a fundamental ability for adaptation to the social environment. To date, it remains unclear whether the spatial distribution of eye movements predicts accurate recognition or, on the contrary, confusion in the recognition of facial emotions. In the present study, we asked participants to recognize facial emotions while monitoring their gaze behavior using eye-tracking technology. In Experiment 1a, 40 participants (20 women) performed a classic facial emotion recognition task with a 5-choice procedure (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness). In Experiment 1b, a second group of 40 participants (20 women) was exposed to the same materials and procedure except that they were instructed to say whether (i.e., Yes/No response) the face expressed a specific emotion (e.g., anger), with the five emotion categories tested in distinct blocks. In Experiment 2, two groups of 32 participants performed the same task as in Experiment 1a while exposed to partial facial expressions composed of actions units (AUs) present or absent in some parts of the face (top, middle, or bottom). The coding of the AUs produced by the models showed complex facial configurations for most emotional expressions, with several AUs in common. Eye-tracking data indicated that relevant facial actions were actively gazed at by the decoders during both accurate recognition and errors. False recognition was mainly associated with the additional visual exploration of less relevant facial actions in regions containing ambiguous AUs or AUs relevant to other emotional expressions. Finally, the recognition of facial emotions from partial expressions showed that no single facial actions were necessary to effectively communicate an emotional state. In contrast, the recognition of facial emotions relied on the integration of a complex set of facial cues.

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