Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of the Complex Release Kinetics of Octreotide LAR: Defining Sub-Populations by Cluster Analysis

The aim of the study is to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model, of Octreotide long acting repeatable (LAR) formulation in healthy volunteers, which describes the highly variable, multiple peak absorption pattern of the pharmacokinetics of the drug, in individual and population levels. An empirical absorption model, coupled with a one-compartment distribution model with linear elimination was found to describe the data well. Absorption was modelled as a weighted sum of a first order and three transit compartment absorption processes, with delays and appropriately constrained model parameters. Identifiability analysis verified that all twelve parameters of the structural model are identifiable. A machine learning method, i.e., cluster analysis, was performed as pre-processing of the PK profiles, to define subpopulations, before PPK modelling. It revealed that 13% of the patients deviated considerably from the typical absorption pattern and allowed better characterization of the observed heterogeneity and variability of the study, while the approach may have wider applicability in building PPK models. The final model was evaluated by goodness of fit plots, Visual Predictive Check plots and bootstrap. The present model is the first to describe the multiple-peak absorption pattern observed after octreotide LAR administration and may be useful to provide insights and validate hypotheses regarding release from PLGA-based formulations.

Physicochemical properties of South African prickly pear fruit and peel: Extraction and characterisation of pectin from the peel

The aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties, extract and characterise pectin from green (Morado), purple (Algerian), and orange (Gymno carpo) varieties of South African prickly pear (PP) (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit peel. Pectin was extracted using sulphuric acid at four different pH levels (1, 2, 3, and 4) and three different microwave power levels (low 300 W, medium 400 W, and high 500 W) at a fixed time of 10 min. Yield of pectin for purple ranged from 2.9 to 13.8%, orange from 1.4 to 9.8%, and from 2.3 to 10.0% for green prickly pear peel (PPP). Maximum yield of 13.8% on purple, 10.0% on green, and 9.8% on orange was obtained at pH 1.0 and medium power level. Ash content of the extracted pectin was significantly high at 25.16, 34.26, and 36.30% for green, orange and purple PPP, respectively. However, pectin showed lower moisture content and equivalent weight. The methoxyl contents were 2.28, 2.38, and 3.86%, for anhydrouronic acid contents were 25.58, 25.93, and 38.84%, and degree of esterification was 49.87, 50.63, and 56.39% across the orange, purple, and green varieties. The PPP pectin spectra exhibited similarities in their absorption pattern to that of commercial citrus pectin.

Application of Natural Dyes and Sodium Alginate From Sargassum Sp. Sea weed In Coloring Bima Woven Fabric

This study aims to extract dye and alginate from seaweed Sargassum sp. as a dye paste in the coloring of Bima woven fabric. The concentration of sodium alginate used was 0%; 1%; 3% and 5%. The results showed that the absorbance value of the dye extract from seaweed Sargassum sp at maximum λ = 203 nm obtained A = 3.899. The effect of variations in the concentration of sodium alginate in the dye paste was determined by comparing the FTIR absorption pattern of Bima woven fabrics. Based on the FTIR absorption pattern data, it was found that a mixture of dye and sodium alginate of 3% had a stronger intensity, namely the wave numbers 3448.72 cm-1 and 1635 cm-1; 2900.94 cm-1; 2337.72 cm-1; 1381.03 cm-1 and 1064.71 cm-1. The results of the morphological analysis showed significant differences in surface structure on Bima woven fabrics before and after the dyeing process.

Characterization of Carbon Derived from Water Hyacinth as a Renewable Energy Sources

An alternative renewable energy sources, such as biomass, can be produced using the combustion process inside the furnace. In this work, carbon derived from water hyacinth be produced through carbonization process. The carbonization of water hyacinth was carried out at different temperature i.e. 400°C, 500°C and 600°C and subsequently analyzed with the SEM-EDX to determine the microstructure and atomic percentage of present elements. While the FTIR analysis was conducted to qualitatively verify the surface functional groups of carbon. The results of SEM-EDX analysis showed that the pores began to form at a carbonization temperature of 600°C and carbon content increased with increased temperature of carbonization process. FTIR analysis results showed that the functional groups in the carbon derived from water hyacinth had an absorption pattern with OH, C-H, C-O, and C=C bonds.

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Penumpukan Pencairan Dana APBN pada Akhir Tahun Anggaran

Central government expenditures as the largest component of state expenditures have an important role in determining national output and affecting allocation and efficiency of economic resources. The increase of state expenditures, both for central government expenditures and transfer to local governments, are ideally followed by responsive budget absorption pattern. The high remaining budget at the end of the year indicates that the budget implementation is not optimal, which could lead to economic losses. This low budget absorption pattern has also occurred at the spending units at the State Treasury Service Office (KPPN) Jakarta V. This study aims to determine the factors that cause a low budget absorption pattern of the state budget (APBN) at the end of the fiscal year at KPPN Jakarta V. This study used method of data analysis in the form of factor analysis. The results show that the low budget absorption pattern of the state funds at the end of the fiscal year is caused by eight factors, namely treasury administration, procurement implementation, budget planning, technical support requirements, procurement schedule, human resources, competencies, and job rotation. This study uses method of data analysis in the form of factor analysis. The results showed that the buildup of disbursement of state funds by the end of the fiscal year at the working units within KPPN Jakarta V caused by the eight factors, namely the treasury administration, procurement implementation, planning, supporting technical requirement, procurement scheduling, human resources, competencies, and mutation of officers in charge. Abstrak Belanja pemerintah pusat sebagai komponen terbesar belanja negara memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan output nasional dan mempengaruhi alokasi dan efisiensi sumber daya ekonomi. Peningkatan belanja negara, baik belanja pemerintah pusat maupun transfer ke daerah, idealnya diikuti dengan pola penyerapan yang responsive. Penyerapan anggaran yang masih menumpuk pada akhir tahun mengindikasikan bahwa pelaksanaan anggaran belum optimal, bahkan dapat menyebabkan kerugian negara secara ekonomis. Penumpukan pencairan dana tersebut juga terjadi pada Satuan Kerja lingkup Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara (KPPN) Jakarta V. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab penumpukan pencairan dana APBN pada akhir tahun anggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data berupa analisis faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penumpukan pencairan dana APBN pada akhir tahun anggaran pada Satuan Kerja lingkup KPPN Jakarta V disebabkan oleh delapan faktor, yaitu administrasi perbendaharaan, pelaksanaan pengadaan, perencanaan anggaran, persyaratan teknis pendukung, jadwal pengadaan, sumber daya manusia, kompetensi, dan mutasi pejabat.

Analisis Faktor Penyebab Penumpukan Pencairan Dana APBN pada Akhir Tahun Anggaran

Central government expenditures as the largest component of state expenditures have an important role in determining national output and affecting allocation and efficiency of economic resources. The increase of state expenditures, both for central government expenditures and transfer to local governments, are ideally followed by responsive budget absorption pattern. The high remaining budget at the end of the year indicates that the budget implementation is not optimal, which could lead to economic losses. This low budget absorption pattern has also occurred at the spending units at the State Treasury Service Office (KPPN) Jakarta V. This study aims to determine the factors that cause a low budget absorption pattern of the state budget (APBN) at the end of the fiscal year at KPPN Jakarta V. This study used method of data analysis in the form of factor analysis. The results show that the low budget absorption pattern of the state funds at the end of the fiscal year is caused by eight factors, namely treasury administration, procurement implementation, budget planning, technical support requirements, procurement schedule, human resources, competencies, and job rotation. This study uses method of data analysis in the form of factor analysis. The results showed that the buildup of disbursement of state funds by the end of the fiscal year at the working units within KPPN Jakarta V caused by the eight factors, namely the treasury administration, procurement implementation, planning, supporting technical requirement, procurement scheduling, human resources, competencies, and mutation of officers in charge. Abstrak Belanja pemerintah pusat sebagai komponen terbesar belanja negara memiliki peran penting dalam menentukan output nasional dan mempengaruhi alokasi dan efisiensi sumber daya ekonomi. Peningkatan belanja negara, baik belanja pemerintah pusat maupun transfer ke daerah, idealnya diikuti dengan pola penyerapan yang responsive. Penyerapan anggaran yang masih menumpuk pada akhir tahun mengindikasikan bahwa pelaksanaan anggaran belum optimal, bahkan dapat menyebabkan kerugian negara secara ekonomis. Penumpukan pencairan dana tersebut juga terjadi pada Satuan Kerja lingkup Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara (KPPN) Jakarta V. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab penumpukan pencairan dana APBN pada akhir tahun anggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data berupa analisis faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penumpukan pencairan dana APBN pada akhir tahun anggaran pada Satuan Kerja lingkup KPPN Jakarta V disebabkan oleh delapan faktor, yaitu administrasi perbendaharaan, pelaksanaan pengadaan, perencanaan anggaran, persyaratan teknis pendukung, jadwal pengadaan, sumber daya manusia, kompetensi, dan mutasi pejabat.

EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND ENDOGENOUS NUTRIENT ABSORBTION OF SEA SILVER POMPANO FISH LARVAE FROM NATURAL SPAWN OF BROODSTSOCK, Trachinotus blocii, (LACEPEDE)

<p><em>Silver pompano is a prospective high value commodity to be developed in mariculture. The aims of this research were to understand the development of embryo and absorption pattern of endogenous nutrient at the time of changing from using endogenous to exogenous nutrient. This research was conducted in Institute for Mariculture Research and Development, Gondol, Singaraja, Bali using fertilized eggs which were stocked in concrete tanks 3 m³, filled with 2 m³of seawater, in a density of 25 eggs/l. Temperature at the time of hatching was 28-30^oC. The observation of embryo development and its morphology was performed after hatching by collecting larvae as many as 10. Parameters measured were total length of larvae (TL), yolk sac volume (VK), oil globule volume (VM) and larvae development. The results showed that embryo of silver pompano had a normal development, consisted of several phases i.e., fertilized egg, cell division, neurola, gastrula, complete embryo and hatching as larvae. Newly hatched larvae had endogenous nutrient as yolk sac and oil globule with volume of 2.27.10^-1 mm³ ± 0.06 and 5.57.10^-1 mm³ ± 0.02, respectively. Yolk sac was completely absorbed after 35:30 to 46:30 hours and oil globule after 52:30 to 64:30 hours. Initial feeding was given when yolk sac was completely absorbed but before oil globule was completely absorbed. The average total length of larvae was 2.40 ± 0.10 mm.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> embryo, larvae, absorption, yolk sac, silver pampano</em>