A comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle clearance during sheep locomotion.

Abstract Background: Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several attractive features as an experimental model for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. There are no studies on locomotion outcomes after peripheral nerve injury and repair in the sheep model. In the present study, we performed and compared two-dimensional (2D) and, for the first time, three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study aimed to obtain kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. Results: The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was the pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Conclusions: Our results show that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints, whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are likely to be useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repair in an ovine model.

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Two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Camila Cardoso Diogo ◽

Bárbara Fonseca ◽

Francisca Soares Marques de Almeida ◽

Luís Maltez da Costa ◽

José Eduardo Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Obstacle Avoidance ◽

Time Course ◽

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽

Objective Assessment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Common Peroneal Nerve ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Ovine Model ◽

Injury And Repair

ABSTRACT: Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several advantages for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, we compared for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study obtained kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Our results showed that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle (2D-measured STANCEmax: 157±2.4 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmax: 151±1.2 degrees; P<.05) and metatarsophalangeal joints (2D-measured STANCEmin: 151±2.2 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 degrees; P<.01 and 2D-measured TO: 163±4.9 degrees vs. 3D-measured TO: 177±1.4 degrees; P<.05), whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repairin an ovine model.

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Changes in Crossed Spinal Reflexes After Peripheral Nerve Injury and Repair

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00305.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 1763-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Antoni Valero-Cabré ◽

Xavier Navarro

Keyword(s):

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Action Potential ◽

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Tibialis Anterior ◽

Tibial Nerve ◽

Spinal Reflexes ◽

Injury And Repair

We investigated the changes induced in crossed extensor reflex responses after peripheral nerve injury and repair in the rat. Adults rats were submitted to non repaired sciatic nerve crush (CRH, n = 9), section repaired by either aligned epineurial suture (CS, n = 11) or silicone tube (SIL4, n = 13), and 8 mm resection repaired by tubulization (SIL8, n = 12). To assess reinnervation, the sciatic nerve was stimulated proximal to the injury site, and the evoked compound muscle action potential (M and H waves) from tibialis anterior and plantar muscles and nerve action potential (CNAP) from the tibial nerve and the 4th digital nerve were recorded at monthly intervals for 3 mo postoperation. Nociceptive reinnervation to the hindpaw was also assessed by plantar algesimetry. Crossed extensor reflexes were evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle and recorded from the contralateral tibialis anterior muscle. Reinnervation of the hindpaw increased progressively with time during the 3 mo after lesion. The degree of muscle and sensory target reinnervation was dependent on the severity of the injury and the nerve gap created. The crossed extensor reflex consisted of three bursts of activity (C1, C2, and C3) of gradually longer latency, lower amplitude, and higher threshold in control rats. During follow-up after sciatic nerve injury, all animals in the operated groups showed recovery of components C1 and C2 and of the reflex H wave, whereas component C3 was detected in a significantly lower proportion of animals in groups with tube repair. The maximal amplitude of components C1 and C2 recovered to values higher than preoperative values, reaching final levels between 150 and 245% at the end of the follow-up in groups CRH, CS, and SIL4. When reflex amplitude was normalized by the CNAP amplitude of the regenerated tibial nerve, components C1 (300–400%) and C2 (150–350%) showed highly increased responses, while C3 was similar to baseline levels. In conclusion, reflexes mediated by myelinated sensory afferents showed, after nerve injuries, a higher degree of facilitation than those mediated by unmyelinated fibers. These changes tended to decline toward baseline values with progressive reinnervation but still remained significant 3 mo after injury.

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High-resolution live imaging reveals axon-glia interactions during peripheral nerve injury and repair in zebrafish

Disease Models & Mechanisms ◽

10.1242/dmm.018184 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 553-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Y. Xiao ◽

A. Faucherre ◽

L. Pola-Morell ◽

J. M. Heddleston ◽

T.-L. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Live Imaging ◽

Injury And Repair

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Trigeminal ganglion response to immediate and delayed peripheral nerve injury and repair

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

10.1016/0278-2391(89)90621-6 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. 102-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John R. Zuniga

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Injury And Repair

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Assessment of Sensibility after Nerve Injury and Repair: A Systematic Review of Evidence for Validity, Reliability and Responsiveness of Tests

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1016/j.jhsb.2004.12.006 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 252-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

C. JEROSCH-HEROLD

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Standardized Test ◽

Nerve Suture ◽

Threshold Test ◽

Injury And Repair ◽

Robust Measures ◽

Monofilament Test

Recovery of sensibility after peripheral nerve injury and repair needs to be assessed using psychometrically robust measures. In this study the literature was reviewed to identify what tests are available to quantify sensibility and to assess their validity, reliability and responsiveness. The databases Medline, CINAHL, Embase and AMED were searched for studies reporting the psychometric properties of sensibility tests. While there is a plethora of tests and studies reporting the outcomes after peripheral nerve suture only a few of the tests have evidence of validity, reliability and responsiveness. Currently the touch threshold test using monofilaments such as the Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test (WEST) or Semmes–Weinstein Monofilament Test (SWMT) and the shape–texture identification (STI™) test for tactile gnosis are the only tests which meet criteria for a standardized test and have had their psychometric properties evaluated and quantified.

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The time-course of Aβ-evoked c-fos expression in neurons of the dorsal horn and gracile nucleus after peripheral nerve injury

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00940-8 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 810 (1-2) ◽

pp. 288-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Peter Shortland ◽

Carl Molander

Keyword(s):

Peripheral Nerve ◽

Dorsal Horn ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

Time Course ◽

Gracile Nucleus ◽

Fos Expression

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A Comparison of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Techniques for Kinematic Analysis of the Sagittal Motion of Sheep Hindlimbs During Walking on a Treadmill

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.545708 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Camila Cardoso Diogo ◽

José Arthur Camassa ◽

Bárbara Fonseca ◽

Luís Maltez da Costa ◽

José Eduardo Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Objective Assessment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Treadmill Walking ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Ovine Model ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Novel Treatment ◽

Novel Treatment Strategies

Compared to rodents, sheep offer several attractive features as an experimental model for testing different medical and surgical interventions related to pathological gait caused by neurological diseases and injuries. To use sheep for development of novel treatment strategies in the field of neuroscience, it is key to establish the relevant kinematic features of locomotion in this species. To use sheep for development of novel treatment strategies in the field of neuroscience, it is crucial to understand fundamental baseline characteristics of locomotion in this species. Despite their relevance for medical research, little is known about the locomotion in the ovine model, and next to nothing about the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of the hindlimb. This study is the first to perform and compare two-dimensional (2D) and 3D hindlimb kinematics of the sagittal motion during treadmill walking in the ovine model. Our results show that the most significant differences took place throughout the swing phase of the gait cycle were for the distal joints, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint, whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. The results provide evidence of the inadequacy of a 2D approach to the computation of joint kinematics in clinically normal sheep during treadmill walking when the interest is centered on the hoof's joints. The findings from the present investigation are likely to be useful for an accurate, quantitative and objective assessment of functionally altered gait and its underlying neuronal mechanisms and biomechanical consequences.

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