Measuring the exposure of Black, Asian and other ethnic groups to Covid-infected neighbourhoods in English towns and cities.

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-299698/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Harris ◽

Chris Brunsdon

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Minority Groups ◽

House Prices ◽

Poisson Model ◽

Linear Predictor ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Black Residents ◽

Occupational And Environmental Exposure ◽

Index Of Exposure ◽

The Uk

Abstract Drawing on the work of The Doreen Lawrence Review – a report on the disproportionate impact of Covid-19 on Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities in the UK – this paper develops an index of exposure, measuring which ethnic groups have been most exposed to Covid-19 infected residential neighbourhoods during the first and second waves of the pandemic in England. The index is based on a Bayesian Poisson model with a random intercept in the linear predictor, allowing for extra-Poisson variation at neighbourhood and town/city scales. This permits within-city differences to be decoupled from broader regional trends in the disease. The research finds that members of ethnic minority groups tend to be living in areas with higher infection rates but also that the risk of exposure is distributed unevenly across these groups. Initially, in the first wave, the disease disproportionately affected Black residents. As the pandemic has progressed, especially the Pakistani but also the Bangladeshi and Indian groups have had the highest exposure. This higher exposure of the Pakistani group is not straightforwardly a function of neighbourhood deprivation because it is present across a range of average house prices. However, we find evidence to support the view, expressed in The Doreen Lawrence Review, that it is linked to occupational and environmental exposure, particularly residential density.

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Measuring the exposure of Black, Asian and other ethnic groups to COVID-infected neighbourhoods in English towns and cities

Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy ◽

10.1007/s12061-021-09400-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Harris ◽

Chris Brunsdon

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Minority Groups ◽

House Prices ◽

Poisson Model ◽

Linear Predictor ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Black Residents ◽

Occupational And Environmental Exposure ◽

Index Of Exposure ◽

The Uk

AbstractDrawing on the work of The Doreen Lawrence Review—a report on the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities in the UK—this paper develops an index of exposure, measuring which ethnic groups have been most exposed to COVID-19 infected residential neighbourhoods during the first and second waves of the pandemic in England. The index is based on a Bayesian Poisson model with a random intercept in the linear predictor, allowing for extra-Poisson variation at neighbourhood and town/city scales. This permits within-city differences to be decoupled from broader regional trends in the disease. The research finds that members of ethnic minority groups can be living in areas with higher infection rates but also that the risk of exposure is distributed unevenly across these groups. Initially, in the first wave, the disease disproportionately affected Black residents but, as the pandemic has progressed, especially the Pakistani but also the Bangladeshi and Indian groups have had the highest exposure. This higher exposure of the Pakistani group is not straightforwardly a function of neighbourhood deprivation because it is present across a range of average house prices. We find evidence to support the view, expressed in The Doreen Lawrence Review, that it is linked to occupational and environmental exposure, particularly residential density but, having allowed for these factors, differences between the towns and cities remain.

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Measuring the exposure of Black, Asian and other ethnic groups to Covid-infected neighbourhoods in English towns and cities

10.1101/2021.03.04.21252893 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Harris ◽

Chris Brunsdon

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Minority Groups ◽

House Prices ◽

Poisson Model ◽

Linear Predictor ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Black Residents ◽

Occupational And Environmental Exposure ◽

Index Of Exposure ◽

The Uk

AbstractDrawing on the work of The Doreen Lawrence Review – a report on the disproportionate impact of Covid-19 on Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities in the UK – this paper develops an index of exposure, measuring which ethnic groups have been most exposed to Covid-19 infected residential neighbourhoods during the first and second waves of the pandemic in England. The index is based on a Bayesian Poisson model with a random intercept in the linear predictor, allowing for extra-Poisson variation at neighbourhood and town/city scales. This permits within-city differences to be decoupled from broader regional trends in the disease. The research finds that members of ethnic minority groups tend to be living in areas with higher infection rates but also that the risk of exposure is distributed unevenly across these groups. Initially, in the first wave, the disease disproportionately affected Black residents. As the pandemic has progressed, especially the Pakistani but also the Bangladeshi and Indian groups have had the highest exposure. This higher exposure of the Pakistani group is not straightforwardly a function of neighbourhood deprivation because it is present across a range of average house prices. However, we find evidence to support the view, expressed in The Doreen Lawrence Review, that it is linked to occupational and environmental exposure, particularly residential density.

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The changing interaction of ethnic and socio-economic segregation in England and Wales, 1991–2011

Ethnicities ◽

10.1177/1468796815595820 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 320-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Richard Harris ◽

Ron Johnston ◽

David Manley

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Census Data ◽

Economic Disadvantage ◽

Full Time ◽

Ethnic Segregation ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

England And Wales ◽

Ethnic Residential Segregation ◽

The Uk

Following the publication of the 2001 and 2011 Census data, considerable attention has been given to patterns of ethnic residential segregation within the UK. The evidence contributes to debates about integration; however, as Kapoor (2013) has argued, discussion about it also risks promoting the idea that what we measure is voluntary segregation, arising from the outcome of residential choices and a preference to live with one's ethno-cultural peers. In reality, ethnic and social segregation overlap and are easily confounded; it is important to pay attention to where they geographically coincide. In this paper we use an area typology to assess whether minority ethnic groups are disproportionately concentrated in neighbourhoods in England and Wales containing the lowest proportions of their adult populations in full-time employment, and evaluate how those concentrations have changed between 1991 and 2011. We consider the (residential) exposure of the ethnic groups to the White British and also to each other, and identify the groups affected by the persistence of economic disadvantage. The analysis shows that patterns of ethnic segregation intersect strongly with neighbourhoods of socio-economic disadvantage, with inequalities in the labour market and the increase of part-time working suggested as contributing factors. A decreased exposure to the White British is an increased characteristic of the disadvantaged neighbourhoods where minority groups live. However, exposure between those groups has increased.

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Researching Behavioural Differences among Ethnic Minority Groups: The Case for Inferring Ethnicity on the Basis of People's Names

International Journal of Market Research ◽

10.2501/s147078530920117x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 191-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard Webber

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Customer Service ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Relative Size ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Family Names ◽

Minority Ethnic Groups ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

This paper reviews the growing use of personal and family names as a basis for inferring ethnicity, for researching behavioural differences among ethnic groups, and as a basis for market segmentation. It argues that, in the UK, ethnicity is used in market research to a lesser degree than is warranted by the extent of behavioural differences between ethnic groups. The reasons for this are held to include the impact of the inclusion of an ethnicity question on response, the difficulty in generating sufficient numbers of records to support the analysis of categories, most of which represent small proportions of the total population, the propensity of some consumers to belong to multiple categories and difficulties in establishing the relative size of different ethnic segments in base populations. The paper then contrasts the way in which commercial and public-sector organisations currently use ethnicity data, concluding that ethnicity is more often researched to assist compliance with diversity legislation than to deliver genuine insights of the sort that result in improved customer service. Then follows an explanation of the methodology whereby consumers can be classified on the basis of their personal and family names. The UK's British National Party and a research project resulting in reductions in the inappropriate use of accident and emergency services are used as case studies. The paper then considers how effectively a classification based on names overcomes the problems previously cited as constraining the successful use of ethnicity as a survey demographic. The paper concludes by suggesting the vertical markets in which name-based classification offers organisations the best opportunity for improving their reputation among minority ethnic groups as a result of a better understanding of their particular needs.

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Characteristics of frequent paediatric users of emergency departments in England: an observational study using routine national data

Emergency Medicine Journal ◽

10.1136/emermed-2019-209122 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. emermed-2019-209122

Author(s):

Geva Greenfield ◽

Mitch Blair ◽

Paul P Aylin ◽

Sonia Saxena ◽

Azeem Majeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Emergency Departments ◽

National Data ◽

Frequent User ◽

Frequent Users ◽

Frequent Attender ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Frequent Attendance ◽

Lower Likelihood ◽

Deprived Areas

BackgroundFrequent attendances of the same users in emergency departments (ED) can intensify workload pressures and are common among children, yet little is known about the characteristics of paediatric frequent users in EDs.AimTo describe the volume of frequent paediatric attendance in England and the demographics of frequent paediatric ED users in English hospitals.MethodWe analysed the Hospital Episode Statistics dataset for April 2014–March 2017. The study included 2 308 816 children under 16 years old who attended an ED at least once. Children who attended four times or more in 2015/2016 were classified as frequent users. The preceding and subsequent years were used to capture attendances bordering with the current year. We used a mixed effects logistic regression with a random intercept to predict the odds of being a frequent user in children from different sociodemographic groups.ResultsOne in 11 children (9.1%) who attended an ED attended four times or more in a year. Infants had a greater likelihood of being a frequent attender (OR 3.24, 95% CI 3.19 to 3.30 vs 5 to 9 years old). Children from more deprived areas had a greater likelihood of being a frequent attender (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.54 to 1.59 vs least deprived). Boys had a slightly greater likelihood than girls (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.06). Children of Asian and mixed ethnic groups were more likely to be frequent users than those from white ethnic groups, while children from black and 'other' had a lower likelihood (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05; OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06; OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.90; OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.92, respectively).ConclusionOne in 11 children was a frequent attender. Interventions for reducing paediatric frequent attendance need to target infants and families living in deprived areas.

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The Asymmetric Effects of Regional House Prices in the UK: New Evidence from Panel Quantile Regression Framework

Studies in Microeconomics ◽

10.1177/2321022220980541 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 232102222098054

Author(s):

Panayiotis Tzeremes

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Quantile Regression ◽

House Prices ◽

Ripple Effect ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Housing Starts ◽

Panel Quantile Regression ◽

Linear Behaviour ◽

Significant Performance ◽

The Uk

This study unfurls the non-linear behaviour of regional house prices in the United Kingdom by employing quarterly observations spanning the period 1992Q1–2017Q4. Our enquiry aims at examining UK house prices within a multivariable framework and, more specifically, by employing panel quantile regression with fixed effect. In brief, the empirical findings obtained from these methodologies indicate that the UK house prices are influenced at lower and upper quantiles, and that precisely they are influenced by variables such as income, private sector housing starts and employment. We highly support that there is a strong heterogeneity among UK regions and that asymmetry may be one of the keys of the ripple effect. Particularly, the income shows a positively significant performance at lower and higher regional house prices. Moreover, the variables private sector housing starts and employment rate are statistically significant for house prices. Leveraging for first-time panel quantile regression for the case of regional house prices in the UK, policymakers will have a profound understanding of regional house prices. JEL Classifications: C22, R21, R31

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Ethnic Disparities in the Development of Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in a UK Multi-Ethnic Population with Diabetes: An Observational Cohort Study

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11080740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 740

Author(s):

Manjula D. Nugawela ◽

Sarega Gurudas ◽

Andrew Toby Prevost ◽

Rohini Mathur ◽

John Robson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Ethnic Disparities ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

General Practices

There is little data on ethnic differences in incidence of DR and sight threatening DR (STDR) in the United Kingdom. We aimed to determine ethnic differences in the development of DR and STDR and to identify risk factors of DR and STDR in people with incident or prevalent type II diabetes (T2DM). We used electronic primary care medical records of people registered with 134 general practices in East London during the period from January 2007–January 2017. There were 58,216 people with T2DM eligible to be included in the study. Among people with newly diagnosed T2DM, Indian, Pakistani and African ethnic groups showed an increased risk of DR with Africans having highest risk of STDR compared to White ethnic groups (HR: 1.36 95% CI 1.02–1.83). Among those with prevalent T2DM, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean ethnic groups showed increased risk of DR and STDR with Indian having the highest risk of any DR (HR: 1.24 95% CI 1.16–1.32) and STDR (HR: 1.38 95% CI 1.17–1.63) compared with Whites after adjusting for all covariates considered. It is important to optimise prevention, screening and treatment options in these ethnic minority groups to avoid health inequalities in diabetes eye care.

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Investigating the Links between UK House Prices and Share Prices with Copulas

The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics ◽

10.1007/s11146-021-09854-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rakesh K. Bissoondeeal ◽

Leonidas Tsiaras

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

House Prices ◽

National Level ◽

Tail Dependence ◽

Share Prices ◽

Property Prices ◽

Left Tail ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Shared Characteristic

AbstractWe investigate the nonlinear links between the housing and stock markets in the UK using copulas. Our empirical analysis is conducted at both the national and regional levels. We also examine how closely London house prices are linked to those in other parts of the UK. We find that (i) the dependence between the different markets exhibits significant time-variation, (ii) at the national level, the relationship between house prices and the stock market is characterised by left tail dependence, i.e., they are more likely to crash, rather than boom, together, (iii) although left tail dependence with the stock market is a prominent feature of some regions, it is by no means a universally shared characteristic, (iv) the dependence between property prices in London and other parts of the UK displays widespread regional variations.

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Community-centred interventions for improving public mental health among adults from ethnic minority populations in the UK: a scoping review

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e041102

Author(s):

Cleo Baskin ◽

Geiske Zijlstra ◽

Mike McGrath ◽

Caroline Lee ◽

Fiona Helen Duncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Ethnic Minority ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Public Mental Health ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Minority Populations ◽

Ethnic Minority Groups ◽

Ethnic Minority Populations ◽

The Uk ◽

Intervention Description

ObjectivesUndertake a scoping review to determine the effectiveness of community-centred interventions designed to improve the mental health and well-being of adults from ethnic minority groups in the UK.MethodsWe searched six electronic academic databases for studies published between January 1990 and September 2019: Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Scopus, CINAHL and Cochrane. For intervention description and data extraction we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist and Template for Intervention Description and Replication guide. Quality was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tools. Grey literature results were deemed beyond the scope of this review due to the large number of interventions and lack of available outcomes data.ResultsOf 4501 studies, 7 met the eligibility criteria of UK-based community interventions targeting mental health in adults from ethnic minority populations: four randomised controlled trials, one pre/post-pilot study, one cross-sectional study and one ethnographic study. Interventions included therapy-style sessions, peer-support groups, educational materials, gym access and a family services programme. Common components included a focus on tackling social isolation, using lay health workers from within the community, signposting and overcoming structural barriers to access. Four studies reported a statistically significant positive effect on mental health outcomes and six were appraised as having a high risk of bias. Study populations were ethnically heterogeneous and targeted people mainly from South Asia. No studies examined interventions targeting men.ConclusionsThere is a paucity of high-quality evidence regarding community-centred interventions focused on improving public mental health among ethnic minority groups. Decision makers need scientific evidence to inform effective approaches to mitigating health disparities. Our next steps are to map promising community activities and interventions that are currently being provided to help identify emerging evidence.

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