scholarly journals Heating with Steam Methane Reformed Hydrogen

Author(s):  
Mark Barrett ◽  
Tiziano Gallo Cassarino

Abstract Hydrogen produced from natural gas with steam methane reforming coupled with carbon capture and sequestration (SMRCCS) is proposed as fuel for consumer heating and cooking systems. This paper presents estimates of the energy losses and methane and carbon dioxide emission and global warming across the whole gas to hydrogen heat supply chain – from production to consumer. Processed natural gas is typically about 95% methane which is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) such that, with 20 year and 100 year GWP horizons, about 4% and 8% leakage respectively will cause as much global warming as the carbon dioxide formed when burning the methane. Data on gas emissions and SMRCCS costs and performance are sparse and wide ranging and this presents a major problem in accurately appraising the possible role of hydrogen from methane. The survey indicates emissions between 50 and 200 gCO2eq per unit of heat (kWhth) for SMRCCS H2 heat depending on leakage and GWP time horizon assumed. The second part of the paper reviews gas supply pricing and security and presents a cost minimised configuration of a SMRCCS hydrogen heating system derived with a simple model. Uncertainty in SMRCCS greenhouse gas emissions coupled with a net zero emission target and the long term issue of the physical and economic security of natural gas supply, bear on the potential advantages of SMRCCS as compared to other options, such as heating with renewable electricity driving consumer or district heating heat pumps.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekka Artz ◽  
Mhairi Coyle ◽  
Gillian Donaldson-Selby ◽  
Ross Morrison

Abstract The net impact of greenhouse gas emissions from degraded peatland environments on national Inventories and subsequent mitigation of such emissions has only been seriously considered within the last decade. Data on greenhouse gas emissions from special cases of peatland degradation, such as eroding peatlands, are particularly scarce. Here, we report the first eddy covariance-based monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from an eroding Atlantic blanket bog. The CO2 budget across the period July 2018 to November 2019 was 147 (+/- 9) g C m-2. For an annual budget that contained proportionally more of the extreme 2018 drought and heat wave, cumulative CO2 emissions were nearly double (191 g C m-2) of that of an annual period without drought (106 g C m-2), suggesting that direct CO2 emissions from eroded peatlands are at risk of increasing with projected changes in temperatures and precipitation due to global climate change. The results of this study are consistent with chamber-based and modelling studies that suggest degraded blanket bogs to be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and provide baseline data against which to assess future peatland restoration efforts in this region.


Author(s):  
Mary Schmeida ◽  
Ramona Sue McNeal

The Obama Administration Climate Action Plan is enforcing goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 2020, regulating both stationary and mobile sources of pollution. As energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, the plan proposed carbon pollution standards for both new and existing plants. Impacts related to upgraded regulations have been projected as both favorable and not, with public and political opinions showing support among some groups and among other interests a concern. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze factors predicting which groups are supportive and non-supportive on setting stricter carbon dioxide emission limits on coal-fired electricity generating power plants. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data. Findings suggest that comprehension of the policy area and individual financial situation are the most important factors in predicting support for stricter emission limits.


World on Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Mark Rowlands

The edge required by renewable technologies is provided by a simplification of the energy supply train. This simplification consists in no longer eating animals. Animals have upside-down energy returned on energy invested values (EROIs), with up to 30 times as much energy having to be put into raising them as we get out of them through eating them or their products. At one time, when our fossil fuels sported extraordinarily high EROIs—100:1 in some cases—we could afford to take this sort of hit on our food-based energy supply. Now, however, we can no longer afford to do so. Moreover, the results of this grossly inefficient energy exchange are rising greenhouse gas emissions. By no longer eating meat, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 14%. Importantly, much of this reduction will be in methane and nitrous dioxide, which have very high global warming potential relative to carbon dioxide.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Skone ◽  
James Littlefield ◽  
Dan Augustine ◽  
Ambica Pegallapati ◽  
Selina Roman-White ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
pp. 1196-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Schmeida ◽  
Ramona Sue McNeal

The Obama Administration Climate Action Plan is enforcing goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 2020, regulating both stationary and mobile sources of pollution. As energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, the plan proposed carbon pollution standards for both new and existing plants. Impacts related to upgraded regulations have been projected as both favorable and not, with public and political opinions showing support among some groups and among other interests a concern. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze factors predicting which groups are supportive and non-supportive on setting stricter carbon dioxide emission limits on coal-fired electricity generating power plants. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data. Findings suggest that comprehension of the policy area and individual financial situation are the most important factors in predicting support for stricter emission limits.


Subject South Asia's gas use outlook. Significance Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is to assume much greater importance in the South Asian energy mix, aiding the control of greenhouse gas emissions growth, but creating new import dependencies. Impacts The development of LNG import infrastructure will reduce the focus on regional pipelines. Improved gas supply will boost industry, power generation and gas use in transportation. South Asia’s gas imports will rise.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Skone ◽  
James Littlefield ◽  
Dan Augustine ◽  
Ambica Pegallapati ◽  
Selina Roman-White ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
Anke Roiger ◽  
Daniel Sauer ◽  
Hans Schlager ◽  
Mariano Mertens ◽  
...  

<p>About 60% of global methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions are due to human activities. Since the Paris Agreement was signed in 2016, an increasing effort has been devoted to accelerate the greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation. Afore in 2014, the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) formed, which is an international industry-led organization including 13 member companies from the oil and gas industry, representing 1/3 of the global operated oil and gas production. The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) funded project METHANE-To-Go aims to focus on trace gas emissions from the natural gas and oil operations in the Persian/Arabian Gulf region, a wealthy region which contains about 50% of the world´s oil reserves. The project is coordinated by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) and envisages to carry out airborne in-situ measurements with the German Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Falcon-20 in autumn 2020 in cooperation with local OGCI partners.</p><p>The flaring, venting and combustion processes produce large amounts of CH<sub>4</sub>, a greenhouse gas that is ~84 times more potent than CO<sub>2</sub> (measured over a 20-year period) and in focus of current mitigation strategies trying to reduce global warming. However, there is a huge lack of detailed CH<sub>4</sub> measurements worldwide and especially from the Gulf region. The contribution from this region to the global CH<sub>4</sub> mass balance is presently unknown. Furthermore, recently a first global satellite-derived SO<sub>2</sub> emissions inventory was established based on measurements with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the NASA Aura satellite showing a number of SO<sub>2</sub> hot spots in the Persian/Arabian Gulf region. The Middle East region was high-lighted as the region with the most missing SO<sub>2</sub> sources compared to reported sources in the global emission inventories. The petroleum industry operations are mainly responsible for these emissions, since high amounts of H<sub>2</sub>S are trapped in oil and gas deposits and released during extraction. In recent years, the air quality in this region has worsened dramatically and concurrently global warming is especially strong.  </p><p>The DLR Institute of Atmospheric Physics plan the performance of airborne in-situ measurements to probe the isolated, outstanding emission plumes from the different CH<sub>4</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> sources in the southern part of the Gulf region as mentioned above. A novel dual Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) instrument based on laser absorption spectroscopy will be deployed to measure CH<sub>4</sub> and CO, and related trace gases as CO<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, which can be used to distinguish between different CH<sub>4</sub> sources (flaring, venting and combustion). An ion-trap chemical ionization mass spectrometer (IT-CIMS) is foreseen for the measurements of SO<sub>2</sub>. Both instruments operate with a high precision/accuracy and a temporal resolution of 0.5 to 1s, which covers a horizontal distance of roughly 50-200 m during the flight. Measurements of further trace species are also foreseen (e.g. NO, NO<sub>y</sub>, and aerosols) and simulations with particle dispersion models for flight planning and post analyses (HYSPLIT and the EMAC related model MECO(n)). Furthermore, satellite validation is envisaged with the TROPOMI instrument on Sentinel-5P (focus on CH<sub>4</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>).</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srijana Rai ◽  
James Littlefield ◽  
Selina Roman-White ◽  
George Zaimes ◽  
Gregory Cooney ◽  
...  

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