Association of Gestational Weight Gain with Cesarean Section: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study in Southwest China
Abstract Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a rising public health issue globally, which is even worse in China. Numerous studies have suggested that gestational weight gain (GWG) control may be an effective way to reduce the rate of CS. However, rare study has examined the association between GWG and CS among women in Southwest China. We proposed to examine their association based on a prospective birth cohort, and further to explore the optimal GWG range.Methods: We retrieved data from a prospective birth cohort conducted in Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Southwest China. Unconditional multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between GWG and CS by adjusting for potential confounders. In one analysis, we incorporated the GWG as categorical variable according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation, just as the majority of previous studies did. In the other analysis, we directly incorporated the GWG as continuous variable and natural cubic splines was used to characterize the potential nonlinear exposure-response relationship, aiming to identify the optimal GWG. We further stratified the above analysis by pre-pregnancy BMI and GDM, and then a heterogeneity test based on multivariate meta-analysis was conducted to examine whether the stratum specific estimation agreed with each other.Results: A total of 1363 participants were included. By adopting the IOM recommendation, the adjusted OR of CS was 0.63 (0.47, 0.84) for insufficient GWG and 1.42 (1.06, 1.88) for excessive GWG respectively. When stratified by pre-pregnancy BMI, we further found that BMI may be an effect modifier with a higher risk of excessive GWG seen in the underweight women. By applying a flexible spline regression, the optimal GWG in term of reducing CS based on our data were more stringent than that of IOM recommendation, which were 9-12 kg for underweight women, <20 kg for normal weight women and <10 kg for overweight/obese women. Conclusion: These results suggested a more stringent recommendation should be applied in Southwest China, and more attention should be given to those underweight women.