Impacts of Climate Variability on Pastoralists and Their Adaptation/Coping Strategies in Fentale District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Adverse Impacts ◽

Pastoral Households ◽

Abstract Background: Recently, more emphasis has been given to preparing and adapting communities to the adverse impacts of climate change than mitigating its risks. The present study was conducted in Fentale district, Central Ethiopia to determine the perceived adverse impacts of climate change and variability, the perception of pastoral households on the patterns of climate change and variability, and identify the adaptation /coping strategies of pastoralists to climate change impacts. A household questionnaire survey and focus group discussion were employed to collect primary data at a household level. A total of 130 pastoral households were sampled using random sampling. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The findings revealed that the perception of pastoral households on rainfall and temperature patterns was in line with the results of the recorded meteorological data analysis of the present study except the Kiremt rainfall and the long-term annual rainfall trends. The results indicated that pasture and water availability became scarce and livestock assets and productivity were highly reduced, due to adverse impacts of climate change and variability. The most important strategies deployed by the local people included (i) integrating livestock with crop production, (ii) livestock mobility, (iii) livestock diversification and herd composition change, (iv) decreased consumption, (v) remittance, (vi) cash for work and (vii) food aid. Conclusion: Therefore, the decision-makers should support and enhance household’s indigenous adaptation strategies through the provision of market access, early warning information, affordable credit access, and development of water points.

Perception of Impacts of Climate Variability on Pastoralists and Their Adaptation/Coping Strategies in Fentale District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH ◽

10.1186/s40068-020-00212-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muluken Mekuyie ◽

Desta Mulu

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Crop Production ◽

Primary Data ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Temperature Trends ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Pastoral Households ◽

AbstractClimate change has been threatening pastoral communities in Ethiopia as their economy is mainly based on rain-fed agriculture. The study area is one of the climate change prone area affected by climate induced shocks. To reduce the adverse effects of climate change, pastoral households need to recognize the changes already happening in their climate and employ climate change adaptation measures. Therefore, the present study was conducted in Fentale district, Central Ethiopia to determine the perceived adverse impacts of climate change and variability, the perception of pastoral households on the patterns of climate change and variability, and identify the adaptation/coping strategies of pastoralists to climate change impacts. A household questionnaire survey and focus group discussion were employed to collect primary data at a household level. A total of 130 pastoral households were sampled using random sampling. The data collected from household survey were analyzed using SPSS (version 20). The rainfall and temperature trends of the study area were analysed using Mann–Kendall test. The findings indicated significant decreasing trend of Belg rainfall and increasing trend of Kiremt rainfall for the period 1983–2017. The perception of pastoral households on rainfall and temperature trends was in line with the results of the recorded meteorological data analysis of the present study except the Kiremt rainfall and the long-term annual rainfall trends. The results indicated that pasture and water availability became scarce and livestock assets and productivity were highly reduced, due to adverse impacts of climate change and variability. The most important strategies deployed by the local people included (i) integrating livestock with crop production, (ii) livestock mobility, (iii) livestock diversification and herd composition change, (iv) decreased consumption, (v) remittance, (vi) cash for work and (vii) food aid. Therefore, the government should support and enhance household’s indigenous adaptation strategies through the provision of market access, early warning information, affordable credit access, and development of water points.

Assessment of climate change and its impact on cashcrops in Lwang Ghalel of Kaski district

Banko Janakari ◽

10.3126/banko.v21i1.9061 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 31-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CB Khadka ◽

MK Balla ◽

KR Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Production ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Household Survey ◽

Primary Data ◽

Temperature Pattern ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Cash Crops ◽

The Mean ◽

This paper focuses on climate change, its impact on cash crop production, perception of local people and their adaptation measures against the impacts of climate change in Lwang Ghalel Village Development Commitee (VDC) of Kaski district. Cash-crops such as tea, Amriso (broom grass) and cardamom were the main products in the study area. Primary data were collected through household survey with semi-structured questionnaires, interview with key informants, and formal and informal discussion. Thirty years meteorological data (rainfall and temperature) were collected from Narayani Basin Office, Pokhara to study the rainfall and temperature pattern. The rainfall pattern seemed to be increased at the rate of 2.74 mm per year while the mean annual maximum and minimum temperature also seemed to be increased by 0.064°C and 0.01°C per year, respectively. Tea was affected more due to climate change than other cash-crops. Amriso was the best adapted species against climate change due to its extended root system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v21i1.9061 Banko Janakari, Vol. 21, No. 1 2011; 31-34

The experiences and perceptions of farmers about the impacts of climate change and variability on crop production: a review

Climate and Development ◽

10.1080/17565529.2019.1603096 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 80-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sikha Karki ◽

Paul Burton ◽

Brendan Mackey

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Production ◽

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability and Reservoir Based Hydropower

Journal of Forest and Natural Resource Management ◽

10.3126/jfnrm.v1i1.22653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 52-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Suman Ghimire ◽

Nabin Dhungana ◽

Suraj Upadhaya

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Level ◽

Water Availability ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Reservoir Water ◽

Reservoir Water Level ◽

Monthly Data ◽

The impacts of climate change (CC) are observed in several sectors, and water resource is one of them. This study explored the impacts of CC on water availability and reservoir based hydropower. It determined the impacts of CC in the reservoir water level and major watershed characteristics and has explored the perception of people on CC impacts in the reservoir. The primary data were collected through questionnaire and field survey and secondary data were gathered from different literatures. The analysis of meteorological data generated from meteorological station. temperature and rainfall data, discharge of Kulekhani River, monthly data of reservoir level and annual energy generation revealed increasing pattern of temperature and decreasing seasonal and annual precipitation in the study area. Similarly, because of the increased sedimentation, the water level of the reservoir has been increasing though the precipitation has been observed declining. Consideration could be taken while designing such hydropowers to hold water year-round, resulting minimal power shortage. A clear institutional direction and strategies could make reservoir based hydropower climate resilient and enable sustainable generation of electricity.

Risk Assessment of the Coping and Adaptation Mechanisms for Pastoralists to Climate Change and Variability: A Case Study of Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, Kenya

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences ◽

10.24203/ajafs.v5i2.4732 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Raphael P. Magal ◽

Boniface N. Wambua

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Indigenous Knowledge ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Primary Data ◽

West Pokot ◽

And Coping

The study was undertaken in Kongelai Ward, West Pokot County, because of its vulnerability to changing and erratic rainfall pattern which has adversely affected pastoralism. The research focused on better understanding of climate change and variability on two climatic factors, rainfall and temperature, in order to provide insights on pastoralistsâ€™ risk management adaptations at a micro-level. In addition, it investigated the use of Indigenous Knowledge. Pearson chi square test was performed to test the hypothesis on whether there is an association between climate variability and change, and coping and adaptation strategies utilized by the Pokot community. Both primary and secondary data was used. Household questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and key informants interviews were used to collect primary data at household and community levels. Primary data (through questionnaires) was collected from a sample survey of 98 households taken from 5,596 households. multi-stage sampling technique was used, and information obtained was analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Results indicated that, 94% of the farmers use Indigenous knowledge. Coping strategies include: Selling livestock (90%), relief food supply (90%), cash/food-for-work (71%), Slaughter of old and weak livestock (58%), consumption of wild fruits (33%), consumption of bush products, (50%), off-farm employment (30%), and minimization of food for consumption (84%). Diversification of livelihood (92%), Livestock mobility (94%), sending children to school (56%), Strategic livestock feed (35%), Develop water sources (15%),Change in diet consumption (78%),Livestock off-take (25%),Storage of pasture (35%), were identified as some of the most commonly used adaptation strategies. Recommendations include; better planning and target interventions, Awareness creation on environment, alternative income source, support pastoralists adaptation and coping strategies, enhancement of extension services, documentation and dissemination of indigenous knowledge, and enhance pastoralistsâ€™ resilience to drought and heat stressesÂ

The Roles of Customary Institutions in Adaptation and Coping to Climate Change and Variability among the Issa, Ittu and Afar Pastoralists of eastern Ethiopia

Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems ◽

10.1515/cass-2015-0025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bamlaku Tadesse ◽

Fekadu Beyene ◽

Workneh Kassa ◽

Richard Wentzell

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Safety Net ◽

Government Support ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Support Mechanisms ◽

Abstract(Agro) pastoral communities who reside in the arid and semi-arid environments of Ethiopia are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and variability specifically to the recurrent drought, floods and conflicts. From their long years of rich experiences of how to survive on such environmental pressures, (agro) pastoralists have also developed various forms of adaptation as well as coping strategies to the impacts of climate change and variability. Such strategies are closely guided and supervised by their customary institutions which have rich experiences in addressing the socio-economic/ cultural, political and environmental/ecological aspects. To mention some of the adaptation mechanisms in the study area are pastoral mobility; relying on traditional early warning mechanisms; area enclosures and preparing of hays/forage; diversifying livestock and selection of their species; the shift from pure form of pastoral to agropastoral production systems; and among others. Some of the coping strategies employed by the (agro) pastoralists are also their engagement in charcoal production and fire wood collections; the sell of their livestock, government support in the form of safety net and MERET project and their indigenous social support mechanisms; petty trading especially by women; brokering on livestock trade; engagement in contraband trade; searching for daily labor, and among others. The paper also tried to assess the roles of customary institutions in social support mechanisms to the problems posed by the impacts of climate change and variability to their age old traditional ways of livelihood mechanisms.

Factors Influencing Farmer’s Choice of Crop Production Response Strategies to Climate Change and Variability in Narok East Sub-county, Kenya

Journal of Natural Resources and Development ◽

10.5027/jnrd.v8i0.07 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 69-77

Author(s):

Kelvin J. Kinuthia ◽

Shadrack K. Inoti ◽

Lenah Nakhone

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Household Head ◽

Probit Model ◽

Multivariate Probit ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Multivariate Probit Model ◽

Response Strategies ◽

The World ◽

Climate change is considered one of the most serious threats to sustainable development in the world. As a sector, agriculture is very dependent on climatic conditions, which makes it extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and variability. The semi-arid areas of the world are especially more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and variability. The purpose of this study was to determine how farmers adapt to changing climate in Narok East, and determine the factors that influence their choice of response strategies. Data was collected from 223 household heads using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics to determine how farmers adapt to climate change and variability while Principal Component Analysis and a multivariate probit model were used to assess the factors that influence the choice of response strategies. The results showed that early planting, increased use of manure, use of terraces, increased use of inorganic fertilisers, and planting short season crops were the most widely used strategies while the least used were planting agroforestry trees, crop diversification and irrigation. Results of the multivariate probit model showed that the age of the household head, total household size, level of education of the household head, noticing changes in mean annual rainfall and onset of rains, receiving weather information, and the land tenure system were all significant factors that influence the choice of the response strategy. This study, therefore, recommends boosting more education and climate change awareness for the farmers of Narok East Sub-county.

Climate Variability Since 1970 and Farmers’ Observations in Northern Ghana

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v5n2p41 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emmanuel Nyadzi

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Variability ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Crop Production ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Northern Region ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Climate Variability And Change ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Access To Credit

<p>The study examines how farmers’ observations of climate variability and change correspond with 42 years (1970-2011) meteorological data of temperature and rainfall. It shows how farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana adjust to the changing climate and explore the various obstacles that hinder the implementation of their adaptation strategies. With the help of an extension officer, 200 farmers from 20 communities were randomly selected based on their farming records. Temperatures over the last four decades (1970-2009) increased at a rate of 0.04 (± 0.41) ˚C and 0.3(± 0.13)˚C from 2010-2011 which is consistent to the farmers (82.5%) observations. Rainfall within the districts are characterised by inter-annual and monthly variability. It experienced an increased rate of 0.66 (± 8.30) mm from 1970-2009, which was inconsistent with the farmers (81.5%) observation. It however decreased from 2010-2011 at a huge rate of -22.49 (±15.90) mm which probably was the reason majority of the respondents claim rainfall was decreasing. Only 64.5% of the respondents had adjusted their farming activities because of climate variability and change. They apply fertilizers and pesticides, practice soil and water conservation, and irrigation for communities close to dams. Respondents desire to continue their current adaptation methods but may in the future consider changing crop variety, water-harvesting techniques, change crop production to livestock keeping, and possibly migrate to urban centers. Lack of climate change education, low access to credit and agricultural inputs are some militating factors crippling the farmers’ effort to adapt to climate change.</p>

Adaptation to Climate Change under Climate Change Treaties

International Community Law Review ◽

10.1163/18719732-12341467 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (2-3) ◽

pp. 158-167

Author(s):

Agata Bator ◽

Agnieszka Borek

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

International Level ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Adverse Impacts ◽

Global Agreement ◽

Local Levels ◽

Abstract On the ground that climate change poses a great threat to societies and economies, it became evident for policy makers that attention should be given to the problem of adaptation, i.e. adaptation measures should be undertaken to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. As the debate on the adverse impacts of climate change advanced at international level, states are taking actions at national, regional and local levels. Along with the increase awareness regarding importance of adaptation, regulations designed to prepare states to strengthen their resilience to climate change, has been developed in climate change treaties. Paris Agreement seems to be the first global agreement which addresses adaptation as one of its key goals and links it with mitigation efforts. The purpose of this article is to discuss the most important regulations and programmes within the regime established by the Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement concerning adaptation to climate change.