scholarly journals Regulating Budbreak, Flowering, and Fruit Maturity in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. `Bing' by Surfactant and Nitrate Applications

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 603e-603
Author(s):  
K.G. Weis ◽  
S.M. Southwick ◽  
J.T. Yeager ◽  
W.W. Coates ◽  
Michael E. Rupert
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Flower And Fruit Development

The years 1995 and 1996 were low chill years in California with respect to stone fruit dormancy. Advancing reproductive budbreak and flowering was accomplished in `Bing' cherry (Prunus avium) by single-spray treatments of a surfactant {a polymeric alkoxylated fatty amine [N,N-bis 2-(omega-hydroxypolyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene) ethyl alkylamine]} and potassium nitrate in combination when applied at “tightbud,” ≈ 42 days (1 Feb. 1995) before full bloom and with surfactant and potassium nitrate in combination when 10% green calyx was apparent, 33 days before full bloom. Applying 2% surfactant (v/v) + 6% potassium nitrate (w/v) was most effective in advancing bloom, speeding progression through bloom, and advancing fruit maturity when applied at tightbud stage. Surfactant (2% or 4%) applied with 25% or 35% calcium nitrate (w/v) on 2 Feb. 1996 significantly advanced full bloom compared to nontreated controls. Fruit maturity (1995) was somewhat advanced by surfactant–nitrate treatments, but fruit set and final fruit weight were equivalent among treatments. No phytotoxicity was noted in foliage or fruit. In California, marginal and insufficient winter chilling often causes irregular, extended, or delayed bloom periods, resulting in poor bloom-overlap with pollenizers. As a result, flower and fruit development may be so variable as to have small, green and ripe fruit on the same tree, making harvest more time consuming and costly. Data indicate that this surfactant, in combination with a nitrogenous compound, has potential to advance reproductive budbreak and advance maturity in sweet cherry without reducing fruit set or fruit size. Advancing the ripening time of sweet cherry even 2 to 3 days can increase the price received per 8.2-kg box by $10 to $20.

Flowering and Fruiting of `Burlat' Sweet Cherry on Size-controlling Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Jean Lichou
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
One Year ◽  
Size Controlling

The effect of rootstock on the flowering and fruiting response of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) was investigated using 4-year-old branch units. The cherry rootstock Edabriz (Prunus cerasus L.) affected the flowering and fruiting response of `Burlat' sweet cherry compared to Maxma 14 and F12/1. Branches of trees on Edabriz had more flowers, more flowers per spur, more spurs, more fruit, higher yields, smaller fruit, and a reduced fruit set compared to the standard rootstock, F12/1. One-year-old branch sections had more flowers and fruit, higher fruit weight, and heavier fruit size compared to older branch portions.

scholarly journals 467 Overcoming Dormancy, Advancing Budbreak, and Advancing Fruit Maturity in `Bing' Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.): Surfactants/ Dormant Oils + Calcium Ammonium Nitrate or Hydrogen Cyanamide

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 525B-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Weis ◽  
S.M. Southwick ◽  
J.T. Yeager ◽  
M.E. Rupert ◽  
R.E. Moran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Fruit Maturity

In continuing trials (1995-current), we have used a variety of treatments to overcome inadequate chilling, coordinate bloom, improve leaf out and cropping, and advance/coordinate maturity in sweet cherry, cv. Bing. Treatments have included hydrogen cyanamide (HCN, Dormex) and various surfactants or dormant oils combined with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN17). Chill hour accumulation, (required chilling for `Bing' = 850 to 880 chill hours) has varied greatly in each dormant season from 392 (Hollister, 1995-1996) to adequate, depending both on the season and location (central valley vs. coastal valley). In 1998, 4% HCN advanced budbreak significantly compared to any other treatment, although other chemical treatments also were more advanced than the untreated control. Dormex advanced completion of bloom 11% to 40% more than other treatments, although other dormancy-replacing chemicals were at least 16% more advanced in petal fall than the untreated control. Dormex contributed to slightly elevated truss bud death, as did 2% Armobreak + 25% CAN17. In 1998, fruit set was improved by 2% Armobreak + 25% CAN17 (79%) compared to the untreated control (50%); all other treatments statistically equaled the control. Fruit set was not improved by Dormex, although bloom was advanced by a few days in this treatment. As fruit set was increased by treatments, rowsize decreased (as did fruit weight), as expected, but no treatment resulted in unacceptable size. In 1997, fruit set was also improved by 2% Armobreak + 25% CAN17; however, fruit set was so low overall in that year that no real impact was found. In 1997 and 1998, 4% HCN advanced fruit maturity compared to other treatments, with darker, softer, larger fruit at commercial harvest. These and additional results will be presented.

scholarly journals Variability of Old Sweet Cherries Found in Slovak Regions and Their Preservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Michaela Benková ◽  
Iveta Čičová ◽  
Daniela Benedikova ◽  
Lubomir Mendel ◽  
Miroslav Glasa
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Prunus Avium L

Abstract The work is focused on the evaluation of variability of morphological and pomological characteristics of several old sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) that were found in different Slovak regions. The experimental work has been performed during two years, 2014 and 2015. The following characteristics according to the descriptor list of subgenus Cerasus were evaluated - period of flowering and ripening, morphological characteristics of the flowers, fruit size, fruit weight, and quality parameters. The results showed high variability of evaluated accessions. From the 13 surveyed localities, the most valuable accessions were found in the locality Hornį Streda - places Čachtice, Krakovany, Nitra, and Brdárka. During the collecting expeditions, 170 accessions of sweet cherry, with fruit of the different quality were found. The most interesting accessions were grafted onto rootstocks with different intensity of growth (Prunus avium L., Prunus mahaleb L., and ‘Gisela5’). Some of the selected cherry accessions can be used for commercial growing after tests, while some of them can be used only for collection of genetic resources and as potential genitors in breeding programmes.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN CYANAMIDE ON APPLE AND PLUM FRUIT THINNING

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 690a-690
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Brenda R. Simons ◽  
John K. Fellman ◽  
W. Michael Colt
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Prunus Salicina

Influence of various concentrations of hydrogen cyanamide (HC) on fruit thinning of `Rome Beauty' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), `Friar,' and `Simka' plums (Prunus salicina Lindley) were studied. A full bloom application of HC at all tested concentrations decreased `Rome Beauty' apple fruit set and yield, and increased fruit weight. Hydrogen cyanamide at 0.25% (V/V) resulted in adequate apple thinning, indicated by the production of an ideal fruit weight. Prebloom and full bloom applications of HC at greater than 0.75% reduced plum fruit set and yield in `Friar.' Full bloom application of HC at 0.25% to 0.50% showed a satisfactory fruit set, yield, and fruit size in `Friar' plum. Full bloom application decreased fruit set and yield in `Simka' plum. Hand thinning, as well as chemical thinning, is recommended for plums.

LAPINS AND SUNBURST SWEET CHERRY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. DAVID LANE ◽  
HANS SCHMID
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cultivar Description ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Tree Characteristics ◽  
Better Than

Lapins and Sunburst are new self-compatible, dark fleshed sweet cherry cultivars named by Agriculture Canada Research Station, Summerland, British Columbia. Lapins matures late in the cherry season and has outstanding split resistance combined with other desirable fruit and tree characteristics. Testing to date has shown it to be better than presently grown cultivars. Sunburst is an early cultivar ripening in Bing season and is outstanding because of very large fruit size and very heavy yields. It should be a suitable cultivar in locations where fruit set is a problem and lengthy storage is not required.Key words: Prunus avium, self-compatible, split resistance, cultivar description

Control of Dormancy and Budbreak in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv `Bing' with Surfactant + Calcium Ammonium Nitrate and Hydrogen Cyanamide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 514c-514
Author(s):  
K.G. Weis ◽  
S.M. Southwick ◽  
J.T. Yeager ◽  
M.E. Rupert ◽  
W.W. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
San Joaquin County

Continuing trials (1995–present) advanced budbreak and flowering with a surfactant and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN17), and in 1997, hydrogen cyanamide (HCN). Chilling in 1996–1997 was marginal in San Joaquin County (SJ, 830 chill hours, 18 Feb.), and low in San Benito County (SB, 612 chill hours, 21 Feb.). When we used the “45 °F” chilling model, the most effective surfactant + nitrate treatment timings for both locations were similar by chill accumulation (≈72 % to 82% of required chilling for `Bing' = 850–880 chill hours), although the two locations differed in total chill accumulation and date of effective treatment. Full bloom (FB) was advanced by 1 week with 4% HCN in SJ, followed by 2% surfactant + 25% calcium ammonium nitrate applied on 21 Jan. (700 chill hours), compared to the untreated control. Bloom duration (full bloom to petal fall) was compressed most by surfactant and CAN17. Bloom in SB was also most advanced by HCN, followed by 2% surfactant + 25% CAN17 applied on 21 Feb. (612 chill hours). Fruit set was improved in SB by surfactant and CAN17 in mid-February; set was too low, however, for real impact. In SJ and SB, HCN advanced fruit maturity most, followed by surfactant and CAN17 applied 21 Jan.; these fruits were softer. We believe that, in order for treatments to be effective in advancing budbreak and full bloom, some minimum amount of chilling must be accumulated prior to application (perhaps 60% to 75% of chilling requirement). We have also determined that where chilling is well below minimum requirement, higher rates of CAN (25%) are necessary to advance bloom. A further advantage of using Armobreak + CAN is improved N level in buds and bark after treatment (1997).

scholarly journals Rootstock evaluation in intensive sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchard

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hrotkó ◽  
L. Magyar ◽  
S. Hoffman ◽  
M. Gyeviki
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cherry Orchard ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

During 2000 and 2007, rootstocks of different vigor have been tested in a high density sweet cherry orchard with 'Vera '® and 'Axel'® cultivars at 4 x 2 meter row and plant distance. Trees are trained to Hungarian Spindle with permanent basal branches; in the alley way naturally grown grass is managed by mowing. The first considerable fruiting was in 2004. Every year we measured trunk and canopy parameters of the trees, productivity and fruit size. Our conclusion is that the rootstocks considerably affected the growth, precocity, as well as tree and orchard productivity, fruit weight of sweet cherry cultivars, but these rootstock effects are modified by cultivars, except for growth vigor. According to our results Cema, SL 64, and Bogdany are vigorous rootstocks, moderate vigorous are MaxMa 97, Pi-Ku I , and Tabel® Edabriz, Gisela® 5 and Prob are dwarfing rootstocks. Besides the precocious Gisela® 5 also mahaleb rootstocks CEMA, Bogdany and SL 64 showed considerable precocity, which can be explained by the larger bearing surface to the time of turning to bearing, and a similar or relative large density of burse shoots on fruiting branches. Cumulative yield of 'Axel'® was the highest on Bogdany and on Cerna, contrary to Gisela® 5, which produced only 50% of the previous ones. Cumulative yield of 'Vera'® was the highest on SL 64, and no significant difference was found, compared to trees on rootstocks Cema, Bogdany and Pi-Ku I . Cumulative yield production of trees was smaller on Gisela® 5, Prob, Max Ma 97 and Tabel® Edabriz rootstocks. Corresponding to the literature data of yield efficiency calculated on TCSA basis was highest on Gisela® 5 rootstock. but the efficiency calculated on canopy volume of 'Axel•® trees was similarly high on CEMA and Bogdany, and that of 'Vera'® trees relatively high on CEMA, Bogdany, SL 64 and PiKu I rootstocks. When calculating orchard efficiency al spacing 4 x 2 meters (1250 tree/ha), we received highest yield values on Bogdany, CEMA, SL 64, and PiKu I rootstocks, with large fruit weight. Rootstocks also affect fruit weight. We measured the largest fruit weight on trees on Bogdany.

scholarly journals Fruit Characteristics and Sensory Attributes of an Ideal Sweet Cherry

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Bob Fisher-Fleming ◽  
Eugene Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Panel Rating

The relationship between the objective assessment of analytical measures of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit quality and the corresponding sensory panel rating was studied. The optimum size, based on average fruit weight, for sweet cherries was 11 to 12 g. A nine-row or 29- to 30-mm-diameter sweet cherry would be the equivalent industry standard. When two separate panels were conducted with overlapping samples, panelists had similar results for optimum fruit size. The optimum color is represented by the #6 color chip of the prototype of the Centre Technique Interprofessionnel des Fruits et Légumes (CTIFL) scale (#5 in new commercial CTIFL chart). A fruit firmness between 70 and 75 using a Shore Instrument durometer was considered optimum. Minimum soluble solids concentration (SSC) for sweet cherries was between 17% and 19% and optimum pH of the juice was 3.8. The optimum sweet–sour balance was between 1.5 and 2 (SSC/ml NaOH).

Thinning response of ‘Redhaven’ peaches to 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
John A. Cline ◽  
Catherine J. Bakker ◽  
Amanda Beneff
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Fruit Load

Peach trees bear an abundance of flowers which produce a surplus of fruit that the tree is unable to support. A self-regulatory mechanism enhances the abscission of immature fruitlets leading to a reduced fruit load, but this is often insufficient to achieve fruit of marketable size. Supplementary manual fruit thinning is typically required to optimize economic fruit load. This 2-yr study investigated the response of ‘Redhaven’ peach trees to sprays of 300 and 600 mg L−1 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) during the phenological stages of full bloom, shuck split, and ∼20 mm fruitlet diameter. The objective was to determine the efficacy of ACC on fruit set, fruit size, and yield at harvest and the amount of hand-thinning required at “June drop”. Although the response to ACC varied between the 2 yr, 600 mg L−1 ACC spray at full bloom (2018) and at ∼20 mm fruit size (2019) reduced fruit set, the need for hand-thinning by 59%–66%, and crop load. Treatments also had varying but significant effects on leaf yellowing and leaf drop when measured shortly after application. ACC reduced total yield and number of fruit per tree in both study years and increased fruit weight in 2019. Overall, peaches were responsive to ACC at a range of timings from bloom to ∼20 mm fruit size. This study enhances our understanding of ACC on fruitlet abscission of peaches and is one of few studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of a chemical fruitlet thinner for peaches.

scholarly journals Heading Fruiting Shoots before Bloom Is Equally Effective as Blossom Removal in Peach Crop Load Management

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Net Profit

Three experiments were performed to determine if pruning treatments could reduce the need for peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit thinning without reducing average fruit weight. To determine if dormant shoot heading affected fruit size simply by reducing the number of flowers per tree, all 1-year-old shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or blossoms were removed from the terminal half of each shoot. At 45 days after full bloom, all trees were hand-thinned to obtain predetermined crop densities. Average fruit weight was highest on trees with blossom removal, but crop value and net profit were highest for nontreated trees. To determine the influence of treatment severity on fruit weight, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were blossom-thinned or headed to remove blossoms on varying proportions of each shoot. Fruit set and the number of fruit removed during postbloom thinning decreased as the percentage of a shoot that was headed or blossom-thinned increased. Average fruit weight at harvest and crop value were higher for trees with blossom removal than for trees with headed shoots. Fruit weight and crop value were not affected by the percentage of the shoot treated. In the final experiment, all shoots on `Cresthaven' trees were headed by 50% or were not headed. Heading of shoots reduced fruit set, number of fruits removed at thinning, and thinning time per tree, but yield, crop density, and average fruit weight were not affected by heading. Profit was increased by shoot heading one of the 3 years. Results from this study indicate that heading peach shoots by 50% while dormant pruning can reduce thinning costs without reducing fruit size, but a similar level of labor-intensive blossom removal may reduce postbloom thinning costs and improve fruit size.

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