Managing Vegetative Growth of Apples with Prohexadione Calcium can Influence Mid-season Spray Coverage

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 451f-452
Author(s):  
J.R. Evans ◽  
J.A. Balles ◽  
L.H. Bennett ◽  
B.A. Brinkman ◽  
A.H. Harrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Prohexadione calcium (BAS 125W or Apogee™) is a plant growth regulator being developed to control vegetative growth in apples. Prohexadione calcium acts within a plant by blocking the biosynthesis of growth-active gibberellin. The result is decreased cell elongation; thus, reduced shoot length. Applications of prohexadione calcium beginning when the apple trees have 2 to 15 cm of new shoot growth significantly reduce seasonal vegetative growth. Mid-season measurements of air blast spray coverage using water-sensitive cards show that trees previously treated with prohexadione calcium have greater spray coverage within the tree canopy than untreated trees. Hence, more efficient crop protection can be expected in apple trees treated with prohexadione calcium.

scholarly journals 225 Prohexadione-Ca: Reduction in Vegetative Growth and Pruning of Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 481A-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Evans ◽  
J.A. Balles ◽  
B.A. Brinkman ◽  
V.E. Harris ◽  
J.D. Helm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Made In

Prohexadione-Ca (BAS 12511W or Apogee™ Plant Growth Regulator) acts within a plant by blocking the biosynthesis of growth-active gibberellin. The result is decreased cell and shoot elongation; thus, vegetative growth in apple trees can be reduced. Air blast applications of prohexadione calcium were made in the Spring 1998 in commercial orchards. Application rate was 125 ppm a.i. applied twice beginning at 5 to 12 cm of new shoot growth. Reduction of shoot growth averaged 45% across locations. As a result of reduced vegetative growth, dormant pruning was reduced. In total, significant benefits to the grower included reduced pruning costs in addition to other positive effects such as improved light penetration and enhanced resistance to some pathogens. Research will continue with the effect of prohexadione-Ca on pruning in multiple year studies.

scholarly journals Effective Vegetative Growth Control of Apples with BAS 125W

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 598b-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Fruit Load

When applied as a dilute spray (at 125 and 250 ppm), BAS 125W effectively reduced shoot extension growth on `York' Imperial (YI) and `Spartan' (S) apple trees but was less effectively on `Delicious' (D). In 1994, lateral shoot growth of YI/M.26 trees (1 to 2 m tall) from 10 May to 7 July was reduced (35 vs. 7 cm) by sprays applied on May 13. The initial surge of growth by vertical shoots was suppressed by the treatments (16 vs. 35 cm), but there was more regrowth (6.5 vs. 0.5 cm). Some leaf injury was seen on YI. The 1995 experiments were conducted on S/M.111 and D/M.111 in an orchard spaced 3.7 m by 7.3 m. On S, lateral shoot length on five dates from 7 June to 20 Sept. was reduced by the sprays (44 vs. 32 cm on 20 Sept.). The initial surge of growth by vertical shoots was suppressed by the treatments (30 vs. 85 cm), but there was more regrowth (34 vs. 4 cm). There were fewer apples that were <25% red and more that were 25% to 40% and 66% to 85% red. On D, lateral shoot length on five dates from 7 June to 20 Sept. was reduced by the sprays (51 vs. 38 cm on 20 Sept.). The growth of vertical shoots was not influenced by the treatments, possibly due to a light fruit load in the tops of the trees. Growers viewing the 1995 plots estimated enhanced income of $933/ha for D and $780/ha for S.

Performance of prohexadione-calcium on shoot growth and fruit quality of apple — Effect of spray surfactants

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Cline ◽  
C. G. Embree ◽  
J. Hebb ◽  
D. S. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
The Us ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Vegetative growth control of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is necessary to maintain a balance between growth and cropping. Pruning is a labour-intensive management practice to achieve this and intrinsically stimulates new growth. Prohexadione-calcium (PC) is a plant bio-regulator that effectively regulat es the shoot extension growth of apples and other tree fruits. Previous research has demonstrated that its efficacy can vary based on the use of spray surfactants and adjuvants. This study investigated the efficacy of two rates of Apogee™, the commercial form of PC, used in combination with the spray surfactants Sylgard 309 and LI 700, on extension shoot growth and yield parameters. Experiments were conducted in Ontario on Empire and Nova Scotia on Royal Court™ Cortland apples. Treatments of 0, 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with and without either 0.5% (vol/vol.) LI 700 surfactant or 0.05% (vol/vol) Sylgard 309 surfactant were applied to Empire trees, and 75 or 125 mg L-1 PC, with or without 0.5% (vol/vol) LI 700, were applied to Royal Court™ trees. An untreated control treatment was also included for comparison purposes. A total of two sprays were applied to the Empire trees and a total of three sprays were applied to the Royal Court™ trees. PC significantly decreased the vegetative growth of Empire and Royal Court™ trees by approximately 18 to 44%, respectively, and the efficacy of PC was enhanced when combined with either Sylgard 309 or LI 700 surfactant. No additional benefit in vegetative growth control was gained when using Apogee™ at rates of 125 mg L-1 PC, relative to 75 mg L-1 PC. The rate of Apogee™ did not influence the number of fruit or yield per tree or mean fruit size of either cultivar. For Empire, LI 700 and Sylgard 309 significantly reduced the number of fruit per tree, resulting in lower yields and crop densities. In addition, higher mean fruit weights, and a greater distribution of fruit in the larger size categories were observed for LI 700. Fruit from Royal Court trees treated with the highest rate of Apogee™ had higher crop densities, poorer coloured fruit, and a higher percentage of fruit less than 60 mm in diameter. These data provide support for the use of alternative surfactants with Apogee™ other than those listed on the US and Canadian product labels. Key words: Apogee™, Empire, Cortland, Regalis, calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, surfactant

scholarly journals Post-bloom and preharvest treatment of ‘Braeburn’ apple trees with prohexadione-calcium and GA4+7 affects vegetative growth and postharvest incidence of calcium-related physiological disorders and decay in the fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 108919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandro V.T. do Amarante ◽  
João Paulo G. Silveira ◽  
Cristiano A. Steffens ◽  
Sergio T. de Freitas ◽  
Elizabeth J. Mitcham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Physiological Disorders ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

scholarly journals The Effect of Prohexadione-calcium on Fruit Set and Chemical Thinning of Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1361-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Load Level ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Treated Apple

Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa) has emerged as one of the most important management tools that an orchardist has available to control vegetative growth and to reduce the incidence and severity of fire blight. It has also been implicated in increased fruit set on treated apple trees. This investigation was initiated to confirm the effects of ProCa on fruit set and to evaluate different thinning strategies that might be used to appropriately thin treated trees. ProCa increased fruit set when applied at petal fall at initial rates of 125 or 250 mg·L−1 in three of the four experiments described in this article. Thinners were applied before, at the time of, and after application of ProCa. In all experiments, chemical thinners did not reduce fruit set to the same crop load level on ProCa-treated trees as they did on untreated trees. It was concluded that a different and more aggressive chemical thinning strategy must be used on trees that were treated with ProCa. Fruit size was reduced on ProCa-treated trees. This reduction was usually, but not always, related to increased fruit set. ProCa increased the number of pygmy fruit on ‘Delicious’ apple trees.

scholarly journals Impact of Repeated Yearly Applications of Prohexadione-Calcium On Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of ‘Golden Delicious’/M.9 Apple Trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nilgün Atay ◽  
Fatma Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Growth retardants have great potential to balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. To assess the effects of prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca, Regalis) on reproductive and vegetative growth, return bloom, fruit set, and also fruit quality in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple grafted on M.9 rootstock, an experiment was performed during 2010-2012. The applications of 125 mg dm-3 Pro-Ca on the same trees in each year resulted in a 40-43% shoot length reducing. Internodes length decreased with Pro-Ca at about 30%, while total node number was unaffected. Results indicate that Pro-Ca applications have no effects on tree trunk growth, flowering, yield, fruit set and development. Pro-Ca also didn’t have any negative impact on fruit quality during the three consecutive years. Moreover, Pro-Ca resulted in higher fruit size compared to control in the third year of trial. The results of this experiment clearly suggest that fruit growers can use Pro- Ca for the control of vegetative growth without having any negative effects on fruit quality and yield parameters. Once a full canopy has been achieved, annual shoot growth can be suppressed in the range of 20 to 30 cm with 125 mg dm-3 Pro-Ca treatment in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees.

scholarly journals Controlling Floral Initiation and Vegetative Growth of Apple with Prohexadione Calcium (BAS-125W), an Experimental GA-biosynthesis Inhibitor

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 557E-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Owens ◽  
Eddie W. Stover
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Bud Set ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Ga Biosynthesis

Early fruit production and control of tree size are important factors in the economic viability of high-density apple orchards. A horticultural tool permitting growers to induce terminal budset should provide greater control over the balance between vegetative growth and reproduction, increasing orchard production and profitability. With this goal, the experimental GA-biosynthesis inhibitor, BAS-125W, is being evaluated for effects on enhancing floral initiation and controlling tree size in young orchards. In nursery stock, the effect of inducing earlier terminal budset is also being studied for influence on storage carbohydrates and performance after planting. Studies in 1996 showed that 250 ppm BAS-125W induced terminal bud set on actively growing second-leaf `Macoun', `Delicious', and `Fuji' trees. Seven application dates from 17 June to 9 Sept. were compared to determine how time of treatment would effect degree and distribution of flowering the following year. Terminal budset typically occurred 2 weeks after application, with shoot growth resuming in 4 to 5 weeks. At two dates, treatment of growing tips only was compared with entire tree application to distinguish the direct effect of GA-inhibition on floral initiation from the effect of redistributing photosynthate. Treatment from 17 June to 29 July significantly reduced total annual shoot growth compared to the untreated controls, while later treatments had no significant effect on shoot length. Treatments of nursery stock with BAS-125W on 1 Sept. accelerated terminal bud set by at least 7 days compared to untreated controls of both `Fuji' and `Golden Delicious'. Effects of treatments on flowering and tree growth in 1997 will be discussed.

scholarly journals Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

scholarly journals Vegetative Response of Vitis vinifera to Prohexadione-calcium

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1435-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Lo Giudice ◽  
Tony K. Wolf ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Cabernet Franc ◽  
Primary Shoot ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Prohexadione-calcium (prohexadione-Ca) was evaluated for its ability to suppress vegetative growth of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under field conditions. Two or three applications of 250 mg·L-1 prohexadione-Ca reduced primary shoot growth of `Cabernet Sauvignon', but had little effect on other canopy characteristics or cane pruning weights. The reduction of shoot growth was not persistent and shoot hedging was ultimately needed to avoid canopy shading. Similarly, three applications of either 125, 250, or 375 mg·L-1 prohexadione-Ca reduced `Cabernet franc' shoot growth, but again did not eliminate the need for shoot hedging. Cane pruning weights of `Cabernet franc' were unaffected by treatment, and canopy characteristics were generally not improved. Two prebloom and one postbloom application of 250 mg·L-1 prohexadione-Ca were evaluated on `Cabernet franc' and `Chardonnay' in separate field experiments. The prebloom treatments retarded shoot growth of `Chardonnay', but had no effects on `Cabernet franc' shoot characteristics. To retard shoot growth, prohexadione-Ca had to be applied prior to bloom; however, prebloom applications had the potential for severe reductions in crop yield.

REDUCTION OF SHOOT GROWTH AND WINTER PRUNING IN APPLE TREES TREATED WITH PROHEXADIONE CALCIUM

2011 ◽  
pp. 873-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Petri ◽  
G. Berenhauser-Leite ◽  
F.J. Hawerroth ◽  
C. Basso
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium
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