Chilling Injury Determination in Tomato Fruit using Electrolyte Leakage and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Techniques

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 489e-490
Author(s):  
M.A. Moura ◽  
G.A. Mendonça ◽  
F.L. Finger
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluorescence Techniques ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Green Stage

The present work was carried out to evaluate chilling injury in tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara and EF-50, employing chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage techniques. Fruit were harvested at the mature-green stage and stored at 5 and 10 °C for 14 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed every 2 days, whereas electrolyte leakage was measured every 7 days. It was observed that cv. Santa Clara stored at 10 °C had no statistical alteration in Fv/Fm ratio and did not show a significant increase in electrolyte leakage. These results indicate that tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara, were not injured during the analyzed period. On the other hand, fruit stored at 5 °C showed a significant decrease in Fv/Fm ratio after 6 days whereas electrolyte leakage was significantly higher at the 14th day of storage. For cv. EF-50, it was observed that fruit stored at 10 °C had a significant decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio after 10 days, although there was no statistical difference for electrolyte leakage. For fruit stored at 5 °C, it was verified that Fv/Fm ratio significantly decreased after 2 days and electrolyte leakage was significantly higher after 7 days of storage. Based on the results presented, it is suggested that tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara, is potentially more resistant to chilling injury than cv. EF-50 and chlorophyll fluorescence proved to be a useful tool to study physiological stresses such as chilling injury.

scholarly journals 471 Tomato Fruit Treated with 1-methylcyclopropene Provide Adequate Non-ripening Controls in Low-temperature Storage Experiments

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 526A-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domingos P. F. Almeida ◽  
Donald J. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Temperature Storage

Chilling injury limits the postharvest handling of many fruit and vegetables. In low-temperature storage trials, control treatments typically consist of fruit stored above the injury threshold. Since chilling exposures for tomato fruit often exceed 2 weeks, controls stored above the threshold continue to ripen, confounding comparisons with fruit maintained at low temperatures. In this study, the ethylene action inhibitor 1-MCP was used to arrest ripening to permit more valid comparisons between fruit stored under the two temperature regimes. Mature-green tomatoes were treated with EthylBloc and then stored at 5 or 15 °C for 2 or 3 weeks after which time the fruit stored at 5 °C were transferred to 15 °C to allow the expression of injury symptoms. 1-MCP inhibited ripening of fruit stored at 15 °C for 2 to 3 weeks. Color, pericarp firmness, and pectin solubilization of MCP-treated fruit stored at 15 °C remained at the values of mature-green fruit, validating their use as controls for these physiological characteristics. After 2 to 3 weeks at 15 °C, MCP-treated fruit resumed normal ripening. Comparing the fruit removed from low-temperature storage with nonripening controls at 15 °C revealed that storage at 5 °C for 2 to 3 weeks decreased the hue (yellowing) but did not affect chroma or lightness, maintained firmness, and did not affect pectin metabolism. Electrolyte leakage increased or remained unaffected by cold storage. MCP-treated fruit had slightly higher electrolyte leakage than non-MCP-treated fruit after storage at either 5 or 15 °C. We conclude that MCP-treated fruit provide adequate controls in experiments designed to study many aspects of low-temperature storage.

scholarly journals Application of Gene-specific mRNA Differential Display for Identification of cDNAs that Encode Small HSPs Correlated with the Heat-induced Chilling Tolerance of Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 498D-498
Author(s):  
Konstantinos E. Vlachonasios ◽  
Dina K. Kadyrzhanova ◽  
David R. Dilley
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Differential Display ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Mrna Differential Display ◽  
Small Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Hsps ◽  
Shock Proteins

Heat-treatment of mature-green tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum) for 48 h at 42°C has been shown to prevent chilling injury from developing after 2 or 3 weeks at 2°C. Using mRNA differential display, we recently cloned and characterized a cDNA that encodes a cytosolic class II small heat-shock protein (Le HSP17.6). The mRNA of Le HSP17.6 is up-regulated during heat shock and the level of transcription remains high during subsequent storage at chilling temperatures. We used mRNA differential display with gene-specific primers from the other small HSPs families and find that the transcription of the other small heat-shock proteins is up-regulated during heat shock and persists at elevated levels at 2°C for at least 2 weeks. When the fruits are returned to a permissive ripening temperature after the chilling period, the mRNA of the small HSPs declines slowly for 3 days. These results suggest that the persistence of the small heat-shock proteins at low temperatures may provide protection against chilling injury.

scholarly journals Additional Blue LED during Cultivation Induces Cold Tolerance in Tomato Fruit but Only to an Optimum

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Fahrizal Yusuf Affandi ◽  
Teddy Prayoga ◽  
Theoharis Ouzounis ◽  
Habtamu Giday ◽  
Julian C. Verdonk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Blue Led ◽  
Red Color

Tomato is a chilling-sensitive fruit. The aim of this study is to examine the role of preharvest blue LED lighting (BL) to induce cold tolerance in ‘Foundation’ tomatoes. Blue and red supplemental LED light was applied to achieve either 0, 12 or 24% additional BL (0B, 12B and 24B). Mature green (MG) or red (R) tomatoes were harvested and cold stored at 4 °C for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 d, and then stored for 20 d at 20 °C (shelf life). Chilling injury (CI) indices, color and firmness, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid and catalase activity were characterized. At harvest, R tomatoes cultivated at 12B were firmer and showed less coloration compared to fruit of other treatments. These fruits also showed higher loss of red color during cold storage and lower CI symptoms during shelf-life. MG tomatoes cultivated at 12B showed delayed coloring (non-chilled) and decreased weight loss (long cold stored) during shelf life compared to fruit in the other treatments. No effects of light treatments, both for MG and R tomatoes, were observed for the selected antioxidant capacity indicators. Improved cold tolerance for R tomatoes cultivated at 12B points to lycopene having higher scavenging activity at lower concentrations to mitigate chilling injury.

scholarly journals Foliar Heat Tolerance of Two Hybrid Hollies

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Variable Fluorescence ◽  
Fluorescence Techniques ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Physiologic Data

Temperatures producing heat damage in leaves of Ilex ×meserveae S.Y. Hu `Blue Prince' and Ilex rugosa × cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. `Mesdob' (China Boy) were evaluated using electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Whole leaves were exposed to temperatures from 30 to 65C for 30 minutes to determine critical midpoint heat-killing temperatures (TJ using electrolyte leakage techniques. The Tm for `Blue Prince' and `Mesdob' was 52.4 ± 0.lC and 53.8 ± 0.lC, respectively. Dark-adapted leaves were heated for 30 minutes in darkness at temperatures between 30 and 57C before chlorophyll fluorescence was measured. Initial (F0) and peak fluorescence measurements were higher at 54 and 55C for `Mesdob' than for `Blue Prince'. Cultivar had no effect on variable fluorescence (F,). Based on the Fv: Fo ratio, `Mesdob' was estimated to have a higher optimal plant growth temperature than `Blue Prince'. The physiologic data support the hypothesis that I. cornuta as a parent conferred heat tolerance to the interspecific hybrid in this study.

scholarly journals Effect of desiccation on the root system of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings and a possibility of using hydrogel STOCKOSORB® for its protection

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sarvaš
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Root System ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Root Collar

The aims of this study were: 1. to determine the effect of dexiccation treatment on the physiological quality of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings by measurements of electrolyte leakage from the root system; b) to test the use of hydrogl STOCKOSORB<sup>&reg;</sup> for protection of the root system of spruce seedlings during their transplanting. The results showed that desiccation treatment significantly affected the rate of electrolyte leakage (34% leakage for control seedlings and 53% in contrast with seedlings after 5 hours of desiccation). Likewise, significant differences were found in height and root collar increments after the first vegetation period that decreased with the duration of desiccation treatment. The values of electrolyte leakage also increased with the duration of desiccation treatment for seedlings treated with hydrogel. On the other hand, the rate of electrolyte leakage was lower after 5 hours of stress factor than in untreated seedlings. The height and root collar increments were higher in seedlings treated with hydrogel for all variants. The obtained results showed a possibility of using the measurement of electrolyte leakage from the root system to determine the physiological quality of Norway spruce seedlings. The rate of electrolyte leakage over 40% signals the physiological damage to the root system of spruce seedlings. Next, the results confirmed the need of protection of seedling roots during handling. The seedlings without hydrogel had 35% height and 26% root collar diameter increment after two-hour desiccation stress. On the other hand, the same seedlings with STOCKOSORB had 42% height and 48% root collar increment.

scholarly journals Tomato Fruit Chilling Tolerance in Relation to Internal Atmosphere after Return to Ambient Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bergevin ◽  
G.P. L'Heureux ◽  
C. Willemot
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Chilling Tolerance ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Brown Discoloration ◽  
Apparent Decrease

Mature-green `Vedette' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit were stored with (+P) or without (-P) peduncles at 1C. During storage and after return to ambient temperature, pigment content and electrolyte leakage of pericarp tissue and fruit internal atmosphere composition were monitored. The +P fruit showed severe chilling injury (CI) symptoms-shriveling and brown discoloration of the surface-on transfer to 20C after at least 8 days of exposure to low temperature. The chilling-injured fruit did not ripen normally; i.e., pigmentation did not change at 20C. The -P fruit were largely unaffected and ripened normally at 20C. Severely injured tomatoes showed an apparent decrease in electrolyte leakage after transfer to ambient temperature. The CO, content of the -P fruit internal atmosphere was significantly lower than in +P tomatoes after return to 20C. The peduncle scar has a greater permeability to gases than the skin and facilitates gas exchange with the external atmosphere. The accumulation of CO, in the internal atmosphere of the chilled +P fruit after transfer to 20C apparently promoted CI symptom development.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

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