GRAIN YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The experiments were carried out in non-watering conditions of the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region in the fields of Samara Research Institute in 2016-2018. The purpose of the research is to study the features of grain yield formation in soybean varieties of different maturity groups in order to create new varieties of Volga ecotype with high and stable grain yield. The material for the study was 29 soybean varieties of different agroecotypes and maturity groups. Standard is Samer 3. Observations and records were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology. Meteorological conditions in 2016-2018 characterized as arid, the hydrothermal coefficient varied from 0.5 to 0.7. On average, over the years of testing, the studied varieties were classified as very early – with a vegetation period of 86…90 days (8 varieties) and early 91…109 days (21 varieties), including the Samer 3 standard, ripeness groups. The high grain yield over the years of testing was in the early ripeness group - 1.95 t/ha. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C (r=+0.993…+0.999) and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.845…+0.939) had a significant impact on the duration of vegetation of both groups of ripeness in all years. A significant influence of the hydrothermal coefficient and the average daily temperature on the duration of vegetation was, revealed in 2017 and 2018. The correlation of vegetation duration with the hydrothermal coefficient was r=-0.767…-0.977, and with an average daily temperature of r=-0.902…-0.970. Among the varieties of different groups of ripeness, high seed yields (2.00…2.21 t/ha) on average over the years of testing had: Oressa, Swapa, Samer 1, Lira, Cordoba, Lisbon, Malaga

GRAIN YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

The experiments were carried out in non-watering conditions of the forest-steppe of the middle Volga region in the fields of Samara Research Institute in 2016-2018. The purpose of the research is to study the features of grain yield formation in soybean varieties of different maturity groups in order to create new varieties of Volga ecotype with high and stable grain yield. The material for the study was 29 soybean varieties of different agroecotypes and maturity groups. Standard is Samer 3. Observations and records were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology. Meteorological conditions in 2016-2018 characterized as arid, the hydrothermal coefficient varied from 0.5 to 0.7. On average, over the years of testing, the studied varieties were classified as very early – with a vegetation period of 86…90 days (8 varieties) and early 91…109 days (21 varieties), including the Samer 3 standard, ripeness groups. The high grain yield over the years of testing was in the early ripeness group - 1.95 t/ha. The sum of active temperatures above 10°C (r=+0.993…+0.999) and the amount of precipitation (r=+0.845…+0.939) had a significant impact on the duration of vegetation of both groups of ripeness in all years. A significant influence of the hydrothermal coefficient and the average daily temperature on the duration of vegetation was, revealed in 2017 and 2018. The correlation of vegetation duration with the hydrothermal coefficient was r=-0.767…-0.977, and with an average daily temperature of r=-0.902…-0.970. Among the varieties of different groups of ripeness, high seed yields (2.00…2.21 t/ha) on average over the years of testing had: Oressa, Swapa, Samer 1, Lira, Cordoba, Lisbon, Malaga

Meteoroloģisko faktoru un stādmateriāla ietekme uz papeļu augšanu = Effect of meteorological factors and planting material on poplar growth

Forestry is challenged by the global demand for sustainable renewable resources. Fast-growing tree species are highly productive and pose the potential to increase roundwood and energy wood production. In Northern Europe, poplars (Populus spp.) and their hybrids are among the most productive tree species. The productivity of poplar plantations is mainly determined by selected clones. Northern European countries lack wide and systematic poplar breeding programs, therefore mainly uses clones that are imported from other European regions. Clones that are transferred northward from their parental species origin should be suitable to an altered length of the vegetation period and low temperatures during the winter season. Clonal testing before recommendation for their commercial use is topical also in Latvia. The thesis aims to characterize the growth of the poplar clones in Latvia and the factors affecting it. This thesis summarizes six thematically linked scientific publications, and their results indicate the significant effect of climatic factors on poplar growth. The radial growth of Populus clones is negatively affected by drought-related stress during the growing season and increased temperature range during the dormancy. Height growth is determined by clone and length of the cuttings, and faster-growing clones are more robust to the negative effect of meteorological factors during the growing season. The faster-growing clones are more likely to have damaged leading shoots by early autumn frost. Trees that have withered aboveground shoots by autumn frost are sprouting during the next growing season, but the regrowth is delayed. Winter frost damage is more likely for weakly growing clones. Overall, fast-growing clones with sufficient autumn and winter frost resistance and survival could be selected.

Phenology of Gymnospermium odessanum (DC.) Takht. in the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine

The aim is to find out the peculiarities of the phenology of the rare endemic species Gymnospermium odessanum (DC.) Takht. in the conditions of introduction on the botanical-geographical plot “Steppes of Ukraine” of the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2021. Methods — field stationary and cameral. It is established that the vegetation period of G. odessanum in 2021 lasted from March 24 to May 22 and amounted to 60 days. 10 phenological phases are singled out and characterized: 1) the beginning of vegetation and budding, 2) mass budding and beginning of flowering, 3) mass flowering and completion of budding, 4) flowering peak, 5) mass flowering and the beginning of fruit formation, 6) completion of flowering and mass fruit formation, 7) fruit growth, 8) fruit opening, 9) ripening of seeds in open capsules, 10) dissemination and completion of the vegetation. It was found that during the mass formation of fruits, a significant number of fruits stopped their growth and development and did not form seeds in the future. This could be due to the night frosts on the eve or the difference in the conditions of the region of introduction from the natural habitats of the species. Budding and flowering (in total) account for a smaller part (30%) of the vegetation period. Most (70%) of the vegetation period is associated with fruits and seeds. A significant proportion of the vegetation period is the phenophase of ripening of seeds in open capsules (27%).

Peculiarities of the pigment complex of the assimilation apparatus functioning of the genus Betula L. species in the arboretum of the Kryvyi Rih Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine

The content of the main pigments of photosynthesis in the leaves of species of the genus Betula L. was determined. It is shown that the largest number of pigments during the growing season accumulate large-leaved birches pubescens and B. pendula. Until the end of the vegetation period, there will be a number of carotenoidsin the leaves of all studied birches, while more active processes are accumulated in the leaves of small-leaved birches B. fusca and B. humilis.

Ecological trial of the winter wheat varieties of the ARC “Donskoy” in the area of dark chestnut soils of the Volgograd region

The current paper has presented the trial results of the winter wheat varieties developed by the ARC “Donskoy” in 2018 -2020. Currently, the farmers have bred a lot of different wheat varieties, but they are not able to take into account all the peculiarities of their cultivation. The purpose of the current work was to study the features of the autumn and spring-summer vegetation periods of the winter wheat varieties developed by the ARC “Donskoy” in the area of dark chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. There have been selected 10 winter wheat varieties for the trials. The field trial was laid down on dark chestnut soils of the lands of the Serafimovichsky district in the Volgograd region. The study was carried out according to the generally accepted B.A. Dospekhov’s methodology. The field trials showed that the germination of winter wheat was influenced by a seeding depth, which was 7-9 cm. The best germination was found among the varieties ‘Asket’, ‘Etyud’, ‘Lilit’, ‘Donskaya Step’ and ‘Zhavoronok’. During the trials, the formation of a productive stand was greatly influenced by the weather (the length of a spring tillering period, precipitation in May), as well as the traits of the variety. The winter wheat varieties ‘Etyud’, ‘Shef’, ‘Donskaya Step’, ‘Krasa Dona’ were able to form a large number of productive stems under favorable weather conditions. Under insufficient moisture supply, the largest number of productive stems was formed by the varieties ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Lilit’. The highest tillering intensity during an autumn vegetation period was shown by the variety ‘Lidiya’ (4.7–6.2 shoots), including the varieties ‘Zhavoronok’ (4.2–5.4 shoots) and ‘Etyud’ (4.0–5.3 shoots). The largest productivity was produced by the varieties ‘Donskaya Step’ (4.97 t/ha), ‘Zhavoronok’ (4.95 t/ha), ‘Krasa Dona’ (4.90 t/ha) over three years.

The effect of a vegetation period on productivity, protein and oil percentage in grain of the collection soybean samples

The purpose of the current study was to identify the effect of the length of a vegetation period of the collection soybean samples on grain productivity and quality. The study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the fields of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2018–2020. The climate is semi-arid with moderately hot summers. The soil is ordinary thick calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The forecrop was winter wheat. The objects of the study were collection soybean samples of the ARIGPR named after N.I. Vavilov. The study was carried out on 75 samples, including 52 middle early samples with 110-120 days of vegetation and 23 middle maturing samples (120-130 days of vegetation), differing in morphobiological and economically valuable traits. The analysis of a vegetation period, grain productivity and quality of the collection soybean samples has shown that in the southern part of the Rostov region the most variable trait was grain productivity (Cv = 22.5%). The less variable characteristics were protein percentage in grain (Cv = 3.8%), a vegetation period (Cv = 4.2%) and oil content in grain (Cv = 5.3%). There has been identified a positive effect of the length of a vegetation period of soybeans on grain productivity and oil content in grain for both groups of maturity, protein percentage in both groups of maturity having a negative dependence on a vegetation period. The study has shown that in the middle early group, the largest grain productivity was obtained with 117 and 118 days of vegetation, the highest protein percentage with 110 and 114 days of vegetation, and the largest oil content in grain with 118 and 120 days of vegetation. In the middle maturing group, the maximum productivity indicators were obtained for the samples with 126 and 130 days of vegetation, the maximum protein percentage with 122 days of vegetation and the maximum oil content in grain with 123 and 130 days of vegetation. The samples showing the maximum indicators will be included in further soybean breeding.

Sowing dates and their effect on productivity and grain quality of the winter wheat varieties

The analysis of the Crimean weather conditions during the autumn vegetation period of winter wheat indicates climate warming and, in this regard, the necessity to adjust the optimal sowing dates. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the productivity and grain quality of winter bread wheat varieties depending on different sowing dates. The objects of the study were five winter wheat varieties sown in 5 dates from October 1 to November 30 with an interval of 15 days. Field trials were conducted with appropriate observations, records, measurements and analyzes, according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing. Statistical processing of the trials was carried out by the B.A. Dospekhov’s method of dispersion and correlation analyzes. The study was carried out through three years, two vegetation periods of which (2017–2018 and 2019–2020) were dry, one period (2018-2019) was favorable for the development of winter grain crops. According to the results of the analysis of variance, there have been identified significant differences in the effect of all three factors (‘variety’, ‘length’ and ‘year’) and their correlation in all combinations on the productivity formation. The factors ‘sowing date’ (33%) and ‘correlation between date and year’ (49%) had the greatest influence on the productivity formation. In 2018, the most optimal for all studied varieties was the second sowing date (15.10), in 2019 it was the first (1.10), and under the conditions of 2020, the later sowing dates were more favorable, and the 4th period was marked as optimal (15.11). The mean productivity of all varieties at the optimum sowing dates was 4.0; 5.5 and 3.46 t/ha, respectively. The factors ‘sowing date’, ‘year’, and the correlation between them significantly influenced protein percentage in grain. Their effect on the manifestation of the above trait was 29%, 14% and 23%, respectively; on gluten content it was 29%, 16% and 21%, respectively.

Leaf surface index as an indicator of moisture responsiveness and drought resistance of winter bread wheat samples

The growth and productivity of drought-prone varieties are strongly influenced by the chlorophyll pigment content and the development of plants’ foliage. The current climate changing, characterized by long no-rain periods followed by short intense rainfalls, is forcing plants to adopt different strategies to cope with drought. The purpose of the current study is to estimate the effect of growing conditions on the indicators of the total leaf area, leaf surface index (LSI) of sowing, the concentration of chlorophylls (Chl) in the leaves and the yield of winter wheat, depending on the value of their moisture supply. There have been established that the leaf surface index change and the preservation of chlorophyll pigment in foliage during the vegetation period is closely related to plants’ drought resistance, soil moisture reserve and a genotype. Under conditions of insufficient moisture supply, the maximum values of the leaf surface index in the heading phase were formed by the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (5.99 r.u) and ‘Etyud’ (2.49 r.u.). The highest content of chlorophyll pigment, both in the heading phase and in the flowering phase, was identified in the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (3.7; 3.0 mg/100 g of raw material), ‘Etyud’ (3.4; 3.2 mg/100 g of raw material) and ‘Volny Don’ (3.2; 3.0 mg/100 g of raw material), respectively. Acording to the value of productivity, the reliably standard variety ‘Don 107’ has exceeded the varieties ‘Etyud’, ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Asket’, ‘Volny Don’.

Influence of growth regulators on yield of carrot tablets in the conditions of the forest-steppe of right-bank Ukraine

In the results conducted between studies, the studied regulators affect the biometrics and yield of table carrot plants. The greatest influence on the interphase period "root formation - technical maturity" was performed by the regulator Phytocid-r, which helped reduce the growth of the interphase period Shantane KL by 3 days, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 by 4 days. With the use of the growth regulator Phytocid-r of the vegetation period of the population in the variety Shantane KL – 117 days, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 118 days, respectively 6 and 7 days shorter with control. The highest weight of root crops during the growing season was observed using the growth regulator Phytocid-p, in the variety Shantane KL the increase relative to control was 15.5 – 23.7 g, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 18.5 and 25.5 g. root crops were also characterized by variants using growth regulators Ivin and Emistym C, where the increase relative to the control at the end of the growing season was: in the variety Shantane KL – 4.1-8.3 g, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 4.9 and 6.0 g respectively. The growing season of table carrots was characterized by slightly higher temperatures and low rainfall, with a long dry period, which negatively affected the formation of roots of table carrots. However, the highest yield was obtained from the option using the growth regulator Phytocid-p, which provided an increase in yield at the level: in the variety Shantane KL – 8.5 t / ha, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 13.3 t / ha. The highest percentage of marketable yield was obtained using the growth regulator Phytocid-p in both varieties and hybrids – 94.8 and 95.2 %, which is more than the control by 11.2 and 11.0 %. The largest mass of root crop was formed by plants using the growth regulator Phytocid-r: in the variety Shantane KL – 112 g, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 118 g, which is 23.8 and 25.6 g more than the control. The diameter of the root was in the range of 5.8-7.0 cm and varied slightly from the growth regulator. The hybrid Brilliance F1 was characterized by a longer root length. However, taking into account the applied growth regulator, it was found that the highest figure was for the use of Phytocid-r: in the variety Shantane KL – 17.6 cm, in the hybrid Brilliance F1 – 18.3 cm, which is more than the option without treatment 1.2 and 1.0 cm.