Calcium Sulfate Soil Amendment Reduces Incidence of Phytophthora Root Rot in Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 529f-529
Author(s):  
K.E. Maloney ◽  
M.P. Pritts ◽  
W.F. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Infested Site

Phytophthora is a debilitating root disease of many crops, and limits raspberry production in much of the world. Two fungicides are labeled for use against Phytophthora on raspberries in North America, but they are not effective when disease pressure is severe. We were interested in the effect of preplant soil amendments such as composts, fertilizers, gypsum and limestone on the incidence of Phytophthora in red raspberries. Various amendments were incorporated simultaneously at two sites prior to planting raspberries. Both sites had identical soil, but one had a known history of P. fragariae var. rubi and the other had no history of raspberry production. Differences in survival and plant growth of `Heritage' among fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, phosphorus acid), compost, gypsum and lime (calcitic or dolomitic) treatments were small in the uninfested site, whereas differences were large in the infested site. Gypsum (CaSO4) treated plots had higher yields and greater cane diameter, density, and height compared to control plots after 2 years. Plants in compost amended plots exhibited the most severe disease symptoms; liming had little effect. In a second field experiment, various sources of calcium and sulfate were compared in an infested site. As before, plants in calcium sulfate-amended plots performed better than plants in control plots or in plots amended with sulfur or potassium sulfate. In a greenhouse experiment using infested soil and artificial flooding, calcium sulfate also reduced disease incidence in `Titan' compared to unamended soil. Data from these three experiments suggest that gypsum could be used in an integrated approach to Phytophthora management in raspberries, and perhaps other crops as well.

scholarly journals Phytophthora Root Rot of Blueberry Increases with Frequency of Flooding

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal de Silva ◽  
Keith Patterson ◽  
Craig Rothrock ◽  
Ron McNew
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Severity Rating ◽  
Linear Relationships

Phytophthora root rot is a severe disease on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in poorly drained soils. Little is known about how mulching and frequent waterlogging affect disease severity in blueberries. Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was grown on rice hulls, which were incorporated into the soil at the rate of 10% (v:v). Waterlogging conditions were imposed for 48 hours 1 week after planting on mulched and nonmulched blueberry plants at weekly, biweekly, and monthly intervals for a total of 3 months. Control plants were not subjected to flooding. The severity of Phytophthora root rot increased with time. Significant linear relationships were found between flooding interval and disease severity rating of shoot, percentage of root infection, and shoot and root dry weights of plants. Disease symptoms were minimal in control plants, but shoot disease rating and percentage of root infection were high in mulched and nonmulched plants that were flooded every week. Shoot and root dry weights were higher in 1997 than in 1996. In 1996, mulched plants had higher shoot dry weights than did nonmulched plants. Disease incidence was higher with weekly and biweekly flooding than with monthly or no flooding. However, mulching did not affect root infection.

scholarly journals Suppression of Phytophthora Root Rot in Red Raspberries with Cultural Practices and Soil Amendments

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1790-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Maloney ◽  
Marvin Pritts ◽  
Wayne Wilcox ◽  
Mary Jo Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Phytophthora Fragariae ◽  
Infested Site

Various soil amendments and cultural practices were examined in both a phytophthora-infested (Phytophthora fragariae var. rubi) (+PFR) and uninfested field (–PFR) planted to `Heritage' red raspberries. Although plants in the +PFR field did not exhibit typical disease symptoms due to unseasonably dry weather, their growth was less than those in the –PFR field. After 2 years, plants in the +PFR site had the highest yields in plots treated with phosphorous acid or amended with gypsum, whereas compost-amended plots had the lowest yields in both +PFR and –PFR sites. A second field study confirmed the positive effect of gypsum on growth and yield of raspberries in an infested site. In a third study, `Titan' raspberries grown under greenhouse conditions in pots containing unamended soil from the infested site, then flooded, exhibited severe disease symptoms; however, pasteurization of the soil, treatment with phosphorous acid and metalaxyl fungicide, or gypsum amendment mostly prevented symptoms from developing. These three studies suggest that a preplant soil amendment containing certain readily available forms of calcium, such as found in gypsum, can help suppress phytophthora root rot and increase survival, growth and yield of raspberries in sites where the pathogen is present.

Effects of sterilization modes on the mechanical strengths of plaster of paris implants

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 890-891
Author(s):  
K. Cowden ◽  
B. Giammara ◽  
T. Devine ◽  
J. Hanker
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Radiation Sterilization ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemihydrate, CaSO4. ½ H2O) has been used as a biomedical implant material since 1892. One of the primary limiting factors of these implants is their mechanical properties. These materials have low compressive and tensile strengths when compared to normal bone. These are important limiting factors where large biomechanical forces exist. Previous work has suggested that sterilization techniques could affect the implant’s strength. A study of plaster of Paris implant mechanical and physical properties to find optimum sterilization techniques therefore, could lead to a significant increase in their application and promise for future use as hard tissue prosthetic materials.USG Medical Grade Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Types A, A-1 and B, were sterilized by dry heat and by gamma radiation. Types A and B were additionally sterilized with and without the setting agent potassium sulfate (K2SO4). The plaster mixtures were then moistened with a minimum amount of water and formed into disks (.339 in. diameter x .053 in. deep) in polyethylene molds with a microspatula. After drying, the disks were fractured with a Stokes Hardness Tester. The compressive strengths of the disks were obtained directly from the hardness tester. Values for the maximum tensile strengths σo were then calculated: where (P = applied compression, D = disk diameter, and t = disk thickness). Plaster disks (types A and B) that contained no setting agent showed a significant loss in strength with either dry heat or gamma radiation sterilization. Those that contained potassium sulfate (K2SO4) did not show a significant loss in strength with either sterilization technique. In all comparisons (with and without K2SO4 and with either dry heat or gamma radiation sterilization) the type B plaster had higher compressive and tensile strengths than that of the type A plaster. The type A-1 plaster however, which is specially modified for accelerated setting, was comparable to that of type B with K2SO4 in both compressive and tensile strength (Table 1).

Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients: a practical guide for physicians.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carla Di Paolo ◽  
Cristiano Pagnini ◽  
Maria Giovanna Graziani
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Favorable Safety ◽  
Pass Metabolism

: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic conditions characterized by unknown etiology and pathogenesis with deregulation of mucosal immunity. Among possible treatments, corticosteroids, already available from the 50’, are still the mainstay of treatment for moderate-severe disease. Nonetheless, the use of steroids is still largely empirical and solid evidence about therapeutic schemes are lacking. Moreover, due to the important side-effects and for the unsatisfactory impact on long-term natural history of disease, the steroid sparing has become an important therapeutic goal in IBD management. Besides conventional steroids, the so called “low bioavailability” steroids, which are steroids with high affinity for peripheral receptors and elevated hepatic first-pass metabolism, have demonstrated efficacy and more favorable safety profile. In the present review of the literature evidence of efficacy and safety of conventional and low bioavailability steroids in IBD patients are evaluated, and practical suggestions for a correct use in clinical practice are presented according to the current clinical guidelines.

scholarly journals Cellulase Activity as a Mechanism for Suppression of Phytophthora Root Rot in Mulches

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brantlee Spakes Richter ◽  
Kelly Ivors ◽  
Wei Shi ◽  
D. M. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Standard Curve

Wood-based mulches are used in avocado production and are being tested on Fraser fir for reduction of Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Research with avocado has suggested a role of microbial cellulase enzymes in pathogen suppression through effects on the cellulosic cell walls of Phytophthora. This work was conducted to determine whether cellulase activity could account for disease suppression in mulch systems. A standard curve was developed to correlate cellulase activity in mulches with concentrations of a cellulase product. Based on this curve, cellulase activity in mulch samples was equivalent to a cellulase enzyme concentration of 25 U ml–1 or greater of product. Sustained exposure of P. cinnamomi to cellulase at 10 to 50 U ml–1 significantly reduced sporangia production, but biomass was only reduced with concentrations over 100 U ml–1. In a lupine bioassay, cellulase was applied to infested soil at 100 or 1,000 U ml–1 with three timings. Cellulase activity diminished by 47% between 1 and 15 days after application. Cellulase applied at 100 U ml–1 2 weeks before planting yielded activity of 20.08 μmol glucose equivalents per gram of soil water (GE g–1 aq) at planting, a level equivalent to mulch samples. Cellulase activity at planting ranged from 3.35 to 48.67 μmol GE g–1 aq, but no treatment significantly affected disease progress. Based on in vitro assays, cellulase activity in mulch was sufficient to impair sporangia production of P. cinnamomi, but not always sufficient to impact vegetative biomass.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in a Cohort of Patients with Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Setareh Alabaf ◽  
Karen O'Connell ◽  
Sithara Ramdas ◽  
David Beeson ◽  
Jacqueline Palace
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
History Of ◽  
Myasthenic Syndrome ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rare Group

Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome (CMS) are a rare group of genetic disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Some subtypes of CMS can be associated with respiratory and bulbar weakness and these patients may therefore be at high risk of developing a severe disease from COVID-19. We screened 73 patients with genetically confirmed CMS who were attending the UK national referral centre for evidence of previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 infection and their clinical outcome. Of 73 patients, seven had history of confirmed COVID-19. None of the infected patients developed a severe disease, and there were no signals that CMS alone carries a high risk of severe disease from COVID-19.

scholarly journals Using Commercial Compost as Control Measures against Cucumber Root-Rot Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamel Kamal Sabet ◽  
Magdy Mohamed Saber ◽  
Mohamed Adel-Aziz El-Naggar ◽  
Nehal Samy El-Mougy ◽  
Hatem Mohamed El-Deeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Cucumber Root

Five commercial composts were evaluated to suppress the root-rot pathogens (Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. and Wr, Pythium ultimum Trow, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of cucumber plants under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. In vitro tests showed that all tested unautoclaved and unfiltrated composts water extracts (CWEs) had inhibitor effect against pathogenic fungi, compared to autoclaved and filtrated ones. Also, the inhibitor effects of 40 bacteria and 15 fungi isolated from composts were tested against the mycelial growth of cucumber root-rot pathogens. Twenty two bacteria and twelve fungal isolates had antagonistic effect against root-rot pathogens. The antagonistic fungal isolates were identified as 6 isolates belong to the genus Aspergillus spp., 5 isolates belong to the genus Penicillium spp. and one isolate belong to the genus Chaetomium spp. Under greenhouse conditions, the obtained results in pot experiment using artificial infested soil with cucumber root-rot pathogens showed that the compost amended soil reduced the percentage of disease incidence, pathogenic fungi population, and improved the cucumber vegetative parameters as shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight. These results suggested that composts are consequently considered as control measure against cucumber root-rot pathogens.

scholarly journals Cultivar and Spacing Effects on Transmission of Phytophthora parasitica in an Ebb-and-Flow Subirrigation System

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen S. Strong ◽  
Bridget K. Behe ◽  
C. Fred Deneke ◽  
Kira L. Bowen ◽  
Gary J. Keever
Keyword(s):  
Catharanthus Roseus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Phytophthora Parasitica ◽  
Spacing Effects ◽  
Ebb And Flow

Phytophthora parasitica was transmitted within 6 weeks from vinca (Catharanthus roseus) plants growing in infested potting mix, on the drain end of ebb-and-flow benches, to plants in noninfested potting mix. Transmission of Phytophthora was very low when potting mix was not pasteurized. When potting mix was steam pasteurized, infection of plants, disease incidence, and severity increased with time and decreased with distance from plants in infested pots. The cultivar Pretty in Pink was more susceptible to infection by P. parasitica than cv. Peppermint Cooler, allowing more rapid and severe disease development as well as pathogen dissemination and transmission. Pot spacing did not significantly affect transmission of P. parasitica on an ebb-and-flow bench.

The Mae on Project: Using Acupuncture for Symptom Relief and Improved Quality of Life for People Living with Hiv and Aids in Rural Thailand

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Louie ◽  
Nopporn Pathanapornpandh ◽  
Unchalee Pultajuk ◽  
Robert Kaplan ◽  
Ian Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Related Symptom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living With Hiv

Acupuncture in combination with antiretroviral therapies is a potentially useful treatment for HIV-related symptom relief in resource-poor settings. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of being used to enhance immune function. In the setting of HIV, Chinese traditional medicine allows for symptom treatment without adding extra medications to a complex drug regime. This paper provides details of a project at Mae On Hospital in rural northern Thailand where allopathic/conventional treatments are used in tandem with acupuncture. A preliminary evaluation of the project suggests that an integrated approach to symptom relief is viewed positively by respondents receiving acupuncture, though further studies are required to confirm the association between acupuncture and symptom relief. The project also demonstrates the feasibility of developing a cost-effective acupuncture programme using local healthcare staff.

STUDIES ON THE SEEDLING DISEASE OF BARLEY CAUSED BY HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P.K. & B.

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ludwig ◽  
R. V. Clark ◽  
J. B. Julien ◽  
D. B. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Nutrient Salt ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Treatment Comparisons

A standard sand – cornmeal – nutrient salt medium, for use in the production of artificial inoculum of Helminthosporium sativum, is described. This inoculum induces uniform plant disease development when thoroughly incorporated with the planting soil. The results presented clearly demonstrate the necessity of using a series of infestation levels in studies of factors affecting disease development in artificially infested soil. It is shown that considerable reliance can be placed on treatment comparisons within an experiment but that comparisons between experiments are much less accurate. The role of a toxin (or toxins) in disease development in barley seedlings has been demonstrated. The toxic activity was found to be distinct from that frequently encountered on addition of organic matter to soil. Results obtained suggest that toxin adsorption by the soil may play an important role in reducing disease incidence and severity.

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