Effect of Photoselective Plastic Films on the Growth of Bell Pepper Transplants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 550f-551
Author(s):  
Shumin Li ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Roy E. Young ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Liquid Copper ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Height Control ◽  
And Control

Removing far-red (FR) light from the greenhouse environment with liquid copper sulfate filters is an effective alternative to application of chemical growth regulators for height control of greenhouse crops. However, liquid filters have limited value in commercial operations because of handling difficulties. In this study, we report the effectiveness of photoselective plastic films that contain a FR intercepting dyestuff in controlling height of `Capistrano' bell pepper seedlings. Four types of treatment films, BCE-L (control), YCE-1 #80L, YCE-1 #75L and YCE-1 #65L, with R:FR ratios of 1.2, 1.7, 2.3 and 3.7, respectively, and one 4% liquid copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) filter with R:FR of 3.5 were used as the covering materials of experimental chambers. Heights of plants grown under YCE-1 #75 or #65 films were ≈30% lower than the control plants. YCE-1 #80 film reduced plant height by ≈15%. Plant height reductions were apparent within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of the treatments. Plants grown in YCE-1 #75, YCE-1 #65 and CuSO4 chambers had significantly lower total leaf area, leaf size, and leaf and stem dry weights than those grown in the control chamber. No differences were observed between YCE-1 #80 and control plants. No difference was found in the total chlorophyll concentration and the ratio of chlorophyll a to b between the treatment and control plants. Results imply that in peppers, a dyestuff concentration that yields a R:FR over 2 was effective in achieving over 30% height control. Although the filters with R:FR ratios higher than 2 were more effective in controlling height and producing compact pepper plants, the reduction in light intensity, or photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) by increasing dyestuff can reduce dry matter accumulation.

scholarly journals 507 Production of Compact Cucumber, Tomato, and Bell Pepper Transplants by Use of Photoselective Plastic Films

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 533A-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumin Li ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
Control Film ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Cost

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of several photoselective plastic films in controlling height of `Sweet Success' cucumber, `Mt. Pride' tomato, and `Capistrano' bell pepper transplants. Four types of treatment films; a control, two far-red light intercepting films (YXE-1 and YXE-10), and a red light intercepting film (SXE-1), with R: FR ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 1.6, and 0.8, respectively, were used as the covering materials of experimental chambers. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) was adjusted to be the same in all chambers with cheese cloth. Treatment period for cucumber and tomato was 15 days and that for bell pepper was 20 days. At the end of the treatment, significantly shorter plants were found in both YXE-1 and YXE-10 chambers for all the three tested crops. However, YXE-10 was more effective than YXE-1 in producing compact cucumber, tomato and bell pepper transplants. SXE-4 film produced taller plants than control film. Magnitude of response to filtered light varied with the crop species. Number of leaves was not significantly affected by the light transmitted through photoselective filters, indicating that the height reduction was mainly caused by the reduction in internode length. With the commercial development of photoselective greenhouse covers or shade material in the near future, nursery and greenhouse industry could potentially reduce the cost for growth regulating chemicals, reduce the health risks to their workers and consumers, and reduce environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Plant Growth Regulators under Photoselective Greenhouse Covers

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Tatineni ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
James R. Rieck
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Height Reduction ◽  
Height Increase

Responses to selected chemical growth retardants (daminozide, paclobutrazol, and prohexadione-Ca) and GA1 and GA3 under photoselective greenhouse covers with various phytochrome photoequilibrium estimates (φe) were evaluated using `Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflora Kitam. (syn. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)] as the model plant to better understand the height control mechanism by far red (FR) light depleted environments. Plant height linearly decreased as φe increased from 0.72 to 0.83. The rate of height decrease of daminozide treated plants was less than that of water (control) or GA3-treated plants. The rate of height reduction was not different between control and GA3-treated plants among chambers with various φe. Both paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height regardless of φe, but the height reduction by paclobutrazol was more than that by prohexadioneCa. The combination of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca reduced plant height more than either alone. GA1 reversed the height reduction caused by paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Ca regardless of φe, but the height increase by GA1 was more when it was applied with prohexadione-Ca than when applied alone. Results show that photoselective covers with high φe were effective in controlling height of chrysanthemums without chemical growth retardants. The linear relationship between plant height and φe suggests that effectiveness of photoselective covers increased as φe increased. The photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmission of photoselective covers decreased as the φe increased because of the increasing dye concentration. Identifying photoselective covers that effectively filter out FR light from sunlight and reduce plant height while minimizing the PPF reduction is critical for commercial success of photoselective covers. Gibberellins are, at least partially, involved in height control by photoselective covers. Photoselective greenhouse covers did not reduce responsiveness to gibberellins, and it appears that the mechanism may be to suppress gibberellin biosynthesis. Results also suggest that increased metabolism of GA1 to GA8 was not the mechanism of height control by photoselective covers. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) [daminozide]; (±)-(R*,R*)-b-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-a-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol [paclobutrazol]; 3,5-dioxo-4-(1-oxopropyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid [prohexadione-Ca]; gibberellic acid [GA].

scholarly journals The Influence of Removal of Specific Wavelengths of Light on the Height of Chrysanthemum Plants

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 834F-835
Author(s):  
Venkat K. Reddy ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Control Film ◽  
Developmental Physiology ◽  
And Control ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The influence of removal of specific wavelengths [red (R), blue (B), and farred (FR)] from sunlight on the height of chrysanthemum plants was investigated by overlaying Roscolux™ colored acetate films on 4% CuSO4 or water (control) spectral filters. CuSO4 filters removed FR wavelengths and significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants that received B, R, and FR wavelengths of light. Plants grown under Roscolux blue filters did not receive R light and were significantly taller compared to plants from any other treatments. Plants grown under Roscolux red filters did not receive B light and were significantly shorter compared to plants from other treatments. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight were highest in plants grown under Roscolux red and control filter combination. The amount of leaf chlorophyll and the ratio of Chl A: Chl B was highest in plants grown under Roscolux blue filters. In general, plants that received FR light (control + film) were taller than the plants that did not receive FR light in the corresponding (CuSO4 + film) filter combination. The influence of removal of specific wavelengths on plant height control and developmental physiology will be discussed.

Hophornbeam Copperleaf (Acalypha ostryifolia) Biology and Control

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Zhuping Gao ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson ◽  
Larry D. Maddux
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Cold Stratification ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
And Control

Little is known about the biology and control of hophornbeam copperleaf, a weed of increasing importance in the Midwest. More than 2 wk of cold stratification and a 0.2% KNO3solution increased germination of hophornbeam copperleaf. Germination at constant 30 C was 47% and alternating 30/20 C was 65%. Scarification did not increase hophornbeam copperleaf germination. Within the first 600 growing degree days after soybean planting, plant height, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation of hophornbeam copperleaf grown in soybean and alone were similar. Subsequently, leaf area and dry matter accumulation of hophornbeam copperleaf grown alone were greater than of those grown in soybean. In contrast, plant height of hophornbeam copperleaf grown in soybean was greater than when grown alone. Hophornbeam copperleaf grown alone produced up to 12 510 seeds/plant, whereas hophornbeam copperleaf grown with soybean produced 980 seeds/plant. Of 13 postemergent herbicides evaluated on hophornbeam copperleaf in soybean, only lactofen, acifluorfen, and fomesafen controlled 80% or more. Lactofen at 210 g ai/ha consistently controlled more than 95% of the hophornbeam copperleaf.

scholarly journals 217 Plant Height Control by Photoselective Filters

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479D-479
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Cerny ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse ◽  
Ryu Oi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Height Reduction

A research collaboration between Clemson Univ. and Mitsui Chemicals, Japan, has been established to develop and test photoselective greenhouse covers that can filter out far-red (FR) light and control plant height with minimal use of chemicals. The effects of polymethyl methacylate (PMMA) filters containing FR-intercepting dyes were evaluated on watermelon, pepper, chrysanthemum, and tomato to select an optimum dye concentration. As the dye concentration increased, FR interception increased, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) decreased, and phytochrome photoequilibrium increased from 0.72 to 0.82. Light transmitted through photoselective filters reduced plant height effectively in all species tested. However, watermelon was the most responsive (50% height reduction) and chrysanthemum was the least responsive (20% height reduction) to filtered light. Tomato and peppers had an intermediate response. In watermelons, total shoot dry weight was reduced over 25% compared to the control plants, with a progressive decrease in shoot weight as the dye concentration increased. The specific stem dry weight was gradually reduced as the dye concentration increased. Specific leaf dry weight was slightly reduced under filters, suggesting that smaller plants as opposed to a reduction in dry matter production primarily caused total dry weight reduction. Light transmitted through filters reduced percentage dry matter accumulation into stems from 27% to 18% and increased dry matter accumulation into leaves from 73% to 82%. Photoselective filters are effective in controlling height similarly to chemical growth regulators. Considering the PAR reduction by increase in dye concentration, a dye concentration that gives a light reduction of 25% or 35% may be optimum for commercial development of photoselective films.

scholarly journals Differential Growth Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Elevated CO2

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza ESHGHIZADEH ◽  
Morteza ZAHEDI ◽  
Samaneh MOHAMMADI
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Wheat Seedlings

Intraspecific variations in wheat growth responses to elevated CO2 was evaluated using 20 Iranian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The plants were grown in the modified Hoagland nutrient solution at a greenhouse until 35 days of age using two levels of CO2 (~380 and 700 µmol mol–1). The shoot and root dry weights of the wheat cultivars exhibited average enhancements of 17% and 36%, respectively, under elevated CO2. This increase was associated with higher levels of chlorophyll a (25%), chlorophyll b (21%), carotenoid (30%), leaf area (54%) and plant height (49.9%). The leaf area (r = 0.69**), shoot N content (r = 0.62**), plant height (r = 0.60**) and root volume (r = 0.53*) were found to have important roles in dry matter accumulation of tested wheat cultivars under elevated CO2 concentration. However, responses to elevated CO2 were considerably cultivar-dependent. Based on the stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI), the wheat cultivars exhibiting the best response to elevated CO2 content were ‘Sistan’, ‘Navid’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Sepahan’ and ‘Bahar’, while the ones with poor responses were ‘Omid’, ‘Marun’, ‘Sorkhtokhm’ and ‘Tajan’. The findings from the present experiment showed significant variation among the Iranian wheat cultivars in terms of their responses to elevated air CO2, providing the opportunity to select the most efficient ones for breeding purposes.

scholarly journals Respon pertumbuhan rumput Setaria (Setaria spachelata) yang diberikan pupuk kotoran satwa Kuskus asal penangkaran

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Fredrik R.S. Mauri ◽  
Diana Sawen ◽  
Alnita Baaka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Agricultural Plants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Food Consumed

Cuscus is an arboreal animal whose habitat is in the forest with the type of food consumed are fruits, leaf shoots, and agricultural plants. Animal manure can also be used as organic fertilizer for forage plants. This study aims to determine the growth response of Setaria grass (Setaria sphacelata) given a dose of cuscus manure fertilizer with banana and avocado consumption. The study was designed in a CRD with 3 treatments. The treatments were P0 = without fertilizer (100% soil), P1 = 40 g/polybag of cuscus manure with banana consumption, and P2 = 40 g/polybag of cuscus manure with avocado consumption. Planting is done by pols on polybags measuring 30 x 25 cm. The results showed that the highest plant height of Setaria grass was found in P2 with an average of 101.70, then P1 was 101.47 and P0 was 71.16 cm/week. The results were the same for the number of leaves and tillers, P2 showed significantly higher results (P<0.05), followed by P1 and control. The application of organic fertilizer of cuscus manure with the consumption of bananas and avocados can increase the growth of Setaria grass.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation of Spent Oil and Palm Kernel Sludge Contaminated Soil Using Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) L

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-885
Author(s):  
A.J. Odebode ◽  
K.L. Njoku ◽  
A.A. Adesuyi ◽  
M.O. Akinola
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Spent Engine Oil ◽  
And Control

This study was carried out to investigate the phytotoxicity of spent engine oil and palm kernel sludge on seed germination, seedling early growth and survival of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) and its phytoremediating potential. 8.0 kg topsoil mixed with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% (w/v) of spent engine oil and palm kernel sludge, while the control was not mixed with spent oil and sludge (0%). The seeds were sown on these soils and monitored daily. Parameters taken were; plant height, leaf number and stem girth. The result showed that spent engine oil treated plants adversely affected growth compared to palm kernel sludge plants and control which performed better. For plant height, the mean stem girth for control at 2nd week was 0.40±0.05 mm, spent engine oil was 5.96±0.97 palm kernel oil effluent was 14.73±1.16 and at 12th week, control was 1.30±0.05 while for SEO the plant had withered and 124.6±9.02 for POE. Number of leaves at the 12th week was 26.00±2.08 in the control, 8.66±0.66, for spent engine oil at 4%, while for palm oil effluent it was 27.66±0.66, at 4%, concentration respectively. Stem girth at 2 weeks for spent engine oil was 0.19±0.05 at 2%, 0.43±0.03 for palm kernel oil effluent and at the 12th week of planting at 10% concentration was 1.63±0.08 for palm kernel oil effluent, and all plants had withered off for spent engine oil at same concentration at the 12th week. Also, spent engine oil at all concentrations delayed the germination of Helianthus annuus by 2days compared to control. Comparison analysis test showed that growth in untreated plants were significantly higher (p>0.05) than spent oil and palm kernel sludge treated plants. Similar result was observed for leaf number and stem girth which had higher mean value in palm kernel sludge and control compared to spent oil. Sunflower grown in 8% and 10% palm kernel sludge contaminated soil also flowered eight days earlier than control plants, while spent oil treated plant did not. The result shows that sunflower cannot tolerate high (4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) concentrations of spent engine oil in soil compared to palm oil effluent. Therefore, spent engine oil should be properly disposed because of its adverse effect on the growth and yield of sunflower.

scholarly journals Assimilate partitioning and phytotoxicity in soybean plants treated with herbicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo A. Marenco ◽  
Nei F. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Assimilate Partitioning ◽  
Developing Seeds ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Soybean Plants

To investigate the effects of trifluralin, chlorimuron and clomazone on morphology and assimilate partitioning during soybean development, plants were grown in a greenhouse and sampled at 14-day intervals. Clomazone reduced stem and leaf dry matter accumulation at 14 days after emergence (DAE), while trifluralin and chlorimuron reduced plant part dry matter accumulation up to 28 DAE. The number of leaves, plant height, mass and number of pods and seeds, and the shoot/root ratio were not influenced by the herbicides. Roots, stems and leaves were the preferred sinks up to the R2 growth stage, while pods and developing seeds became the preferred sinks later. This order was not altered by the herbicides.

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