Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on Development of Grape (Vitis vinifera L. `Thompson Seedless') Somatic Embryos

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 557c-557
Author(s):  
Fred K. Westphal ◽  
Michael E. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Embryo Germination ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Germination Medium ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Somatic Embryo Germination

Torpedo-stage somatic embryos were selected from actively growing cultures and trasferred to embryo maintenance medium [MS with (per liter) 412.5 mg NH4NO3, 475 mg KNO3, 1 g myo-inositol, 90 g sucrose, 2 g activated charcoal, and 7 g TC agar] supplemented with either 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Embryos placed on treatment media were transferred directly to grape somatic embryo germination medium [MS with (per liter) 1 g myo-inositol, 30 g sucrose, 1 M benzyladenine, and 7 g TC agar] once their PEG treatment was terminated. The number of embryos that germinated was recorded 4 weeks after transfer to somatic embryo germination medium. The number of germinated embryos that differentiated into plants was recorded at 8 weeks. There was no difference in germination rates and embryo differentiation among embryos incubated on medium with or without PEG for 4 weeks. A difference in embryo growth rate was observed after 8 weeks on medium with PEG. Embryo grew fastest on media containing 5% or 7.5% PEG. In addition, embryos grown on medium with 5% or 7.5% PEG were morphologically similar to zygotic embryos.

scholarly journals Transformation of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 876F-876
Author(s):  
R. Scorza ◽  
J.M. Cordts ◽  
D.J. Gray ◽  
D.W. Ramming ◽  
R.L. Emershad
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
Secondary Embryos ◽  
Foreign Genes ◽  
Virus Coat ◽  
Transgenic Embryos

Transgenic grapevines were regenerated from somatic embryos produced from immature zygotic embryos of two seedless grape selections and from leaves of in vitro-grown plants of `Thompson Seedless'. Somatic embryos were bombarded with gold microparticles using the Biolistic PDS-1000/He device (Bio-Rad Labs) and then exposed to engineered A. tumefaciens EHA101 (E. Hood, WSU). Alternately, somatic embryos were exposed to A. tumefaciens without bombardment. Following cocultivation, secondary embryos multiplied on Emershad and Ramming proliferation medium under kan selection. Transgenic embryos were identified after 3 to 5 months and developed into rooted plants on woody plant medium with 1 mM N6-benzyladenine, 1.5% sucrose, and 0.3% activated charcoal. Seedless selections were transformed with plasmids pGA482GG (J. Slightom, Upjohn) and pCGN7314 (Calgene), which carry GUS and NPTII genes. `Thompson Seedless' was transformed with pGA482GG and pGA482GG/TomRSVcp-15 (D. Gonsalves, Cornell Univ.) containing the tomato ringspot virus coat protein gene. Integration of foreign genes into grapevines was verified by growth on kan, GUS, and PCR assays, and Southern analyses.

scholarly journals EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK ANGGREK BULAN Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl: STRUKTUR DAN POLA PERKEMBANGAN

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Edy Setiti Wida Utami ◽  
Issirep Soemardi ◽  
Taryono Taryono ◽  
Endang Semiarti
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Gellan Gum ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Embryo Germination ◽  
Maturation Medium ◽  
One Year

Research of the structure and development pattern of somatic embryos from callus of leaf explants moon orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis (L) Bl had been done. One year old of plantlets were used as explants sources. Basal leaf of these explants were cultured in Somatic Embryo Induction Medium (SEIM) e.i.: NP(New Phalaenopsis) medium added with 2 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA, 10 g/L sucrose, and 2 g/L gellan gum. Then somatic embryos were transferred to EMM (Embryo Maturation Medium) e.i. NP medium added with 1 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA, 10 g/L sucrose, and 2 g/L gellan gum. Finally, mature somatic embryo were transferred to NP medium without plant growth regulator as Embryo Germination Medium (EGM). The origin of somatic embryos initially from single cell at the pheriphery of embryogenic callus. These cells then devided in mitotic repeatedly formed globular proembryo, elongation embryo, and completed embryo. The structure and development pattern of somatic embryos as the same as with zygotic embryo.

Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Bozhkov ◽  
I. S. Ahn ◽  
Y. G. Park
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Zygotic Embryo ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

DETEKSI VARIASI SOMAKLONAL PLANLET Jatropha curcas Linn. HASIL REGENERASI EMBRIO SOMATIK DENGAN MARKA MOLEKULAR ISSR

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
. Rudiyanto ◽  
Darda Efendi ◽  
Erwin Al-Hafiizh ◽  
Tri Muji Ermayanti
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Somaclonal Variations ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Germination Medium

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) has the potential as a source of sustainable biofuels. Somatic embryo proliferation of J. curcas may cause somaclonal variations. This research aimed to investigate somaclonal variations of J. curcas somatic embryo derived-plantlet using ISSR markers. Somatic embryos of J. curcas at the globular phase were cultured on liquid MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg L-1 of 2,4-D. Parameter observed were embryos weight, embryos volume, colour, and size of embryos. After proliferation, the embryos were cultured on a germination medium until the cotyledonary phase. The results showed that proliferation of J. curcas somatic embryos was optimal, with the highest weight and volume,  at MS medium added with 1 mg L-1 2,4-D.

Soybean somatic embryo maturation: composition, respiration and water relations

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slawinska ◽  
R. L. Obendorf
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Embryo Maturation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Somatic Embryo Maturation ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

AbstractEmbryogenesis was induced on cotyledons of immature zygotic embryos of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) placed on solid medium containing 62.5 mm glutamine, soybean seed growth medium salts and vitamins, and 40 mg I−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) plus 175 mm maltose, or 8 mg I−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plus 88 mM sucrose. Somatic embryo development was continued in liquid medium containing 0.16 mg I−1 indole-3-butyric acid and 2.64 mg I−1 abscisic acid, glutamine and salts as above, and 88–438 mM sucrose in progressively increasing steps. Germination was on solid half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium. During maturation, somatic embryos mimicked zygotic embryos in colour, protein concentration, water and solute potentials, and respiration. Protein and lipid accumulated to 329 and 86 g kg−1 dry weight in somatic embryos. Fatty acid composition was similar to that of axes of mature seeds. Before desiccation, the water and solute potentials of maturing somatic embryos declined to −1.13 and −1.99 MPa while turgor increased to 0.86 MPa. Concomitantly, a 60% reduction in activity of the cytochrome oxidase pathway of respiration occurred with somatic embryo maturation at 600 g water kg−1 fresh weight. Although small (about 8 mg per embryo), 60% of the somatic embryos formed roots and shoots during germination after maturation without drying and 30% germinated after drying to 60 g water kg−1 fresh weight. In the greenhouse, somatic plantlets grew to mature plants with seeds.

scholarly journals Differential Influence of Growth Regulators during Somatic Embryogenesis of Gynodioecious Papaya Varieties‘CO.7’ and ‘Red Lady

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
C. K. Rajesh ◽  
K. K. Kumar ◽  
C. Kavitha ◽  
G. Karthikeyan ◽  
K. Soorianathasundaram
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Embryogenic Calli ◽  
Maturation Medium ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Somatic Embryo Germination

The study involved two auxins viz., 2,4-D (2,4-Diclorophenoxyacetic acid) and picloram at three different concentrations (1,2, 3 mg/L) in full strength MS media to study their comparative influence on induction of somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos of two gynodioecious varieties of papaya ‘CO.7’ and ‘Red Lady’. In papaya cultivar ‘CO.7’, 2,4-D at 2 mg/L gave the highest callus induction frequency of 90.93%, whereas comparatively higher concentration of 3 mg/L 2,4-D was found suitable for ‘Red Lady’ (87.26%). Although there was profuse callus formation, 2 mg/L 2,4-D recorded comparatively higher frequency of embryogenic calli in ‘Red Lady’ (51.67%) when compared to ‘CO.7’ (30.00%). Somatic embryo maturation was achieved upon transfer of embryogenic calli exhibiting globular stage embryos on to maturation medium (MS medium + ABA (Abscisic acid) and BAP (Benzyl amino purine) in different concentrations + glutamine 400 mg/L). In the maturation medium, the combination of 1.5 mg/L ABA and 0.4 mg/L BAP registered better conversion of the globular embryo to cotyledonary embryos than other levels. The frequency of somatic embryo germination was higher in ‘Red Lady’ (50.00%) as compared to ‘CO.7’ (31.67%) on half-strength MS medium devoid of growth regulators.

scholarly journals GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF PECAN ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS DURING MATURATION AND GERMINATION

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131b-1131
Author(s):  
Amnon Levi ◽  
Hazel Y. Wetzstein ◽  
Glen A. Galau
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Somatic Embryo Conversion ◽  
Late Maturation

The coordinate expression of mRNA classes in pecan (Carya illinoensis) zygotic and somatic embryos has been studied. MRNA was isolated from zygotic embryos at early and late maturation stages (12 to 22 weeks post-pollination) and during germination. Additionally, mRNA was isolated from somatic embryos derived from a repetitive embryogenic system prior and after cold (6 weeks at 4°C) and desiccation treatments (5 days). These treatments have been determined to enhance somatic embryo conversion. The abundance of embryogenic mRNA classes was determined using various cloned cotton mRNA probes (Hughes and Galau, 1989). This study is a part of our efforts to elucidate the developmental and physiological differences between zygotic and somatic embryo systems in pecan.

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