EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK ANGGREK BULAN Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl: STRUKTUR DAN POLA PERKEMBANGAN

Research of the structure and development pattern of somatic embryos from callus of leaf explants moon orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis (L) Bl had been done. One year old of plantlets were used as explants sources. Basal leaf of these explants were cultured in Somatic Embryo Induction Medium (SEIM) e.i.: NP(New Phalaenopsis) medium added with 2 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA, 10 g/L sucrose, and 2 g/L gellan gum. Then somatic embryos were transferred to EMM (Embryo Maturation Medium) e.i. NP medium added with 1 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA, 10 g/L sucrose, and 2 g/L gellan gum. Finally, mature somatic embryo were transferred to NP medium without plant growth regulator as Embryo Germination Medium (EGM). The origin of somatic embryos initially from single cell at the pheriphery of embryogenic callus. These cells then devided in mitotic repeatedly formed globular proembryo, elongation embryo, and completed embryo. The structure and development pattern of somatic embryos as the same as with zygotic embryo.

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(291) Plant Regeneration through Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Homalomena `Emerald Gem'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1078a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1078A-1078

Author(s):

Qian Zhang ◽

Jianjun Chen ◽

Richard J. Henny

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Plant Regeneration ◽

Somatic Embryo ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Multiple Shoot ◽

Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Ms Medium

Homalomena `Emerald Gem' is an important ornamental foliage plant and widely used for interior plantscaping. Current propagation of this cultivar has been primarily carried out through in vitro culture by organogenesis; regeneration through somatic embryogenesis has not been documented. This report describes successful plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis from explants of different organs. Somatic embryos formed at and around the cut surface of petiole, spathe, and peduncle explants. Embryos also appeared at the base between expanded ovaries of the spadix segment, and around midrib of leaf explants. The optimal treatments for somatic embryo occurrence from petiole, spathe, and peduncle explants were MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L NAA or 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D with 2.0 mg/L CPPU, and for spadix explants were MS medium with 0.5 mg/L PAA and 2.5 mg/L TDZ. Somatic embryos appeared 6 to 8 weeks after culture and formed large embryo clumps in 3 to 4 months. Somatic embryos produced more secondary embryos and geminated on induction medium. Multiple shoot development and plant regeneration occurred from somatic embryo clusters on MS medium without hormone or with 2 mg/L BA and 0.2 mg/L NAA. The regenerated plants grew vigorously after transplanting to a soilless container substrate in a shaded greenhouse.

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EFFECT OF 2,4-D AND NAA ON SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM APICAL PORTION OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.)

International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation ◽

10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.7.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 119-124

Author(s):

Muniappan V ◽

Manivel P ◽

Prabakaran V ◽

Palanivel S ◽

Parvathi S

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Somatic Embryo ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Mature Embryo ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Embryogenic Cultures ◽

Apical Portion ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Somatic Embryo Induction

Somatic embryogenesis was carried out epicotyl portion of the mature embryo/apical portion. The somatic embryo induction medium containing 2,4-D or NAA (10.0 to 50.0 mg/l). Of the two concentrations tested 2,4-D (30.0mg/l) recorded the highest percentage of response followed by NAA (30.0mg/l). But the highest number of somatic embryo were recorded in 30.0mg/l of 2,4-D followed by NAA. The apical portion of the mature embryo formed direct embryos without any intervention of callus. The maximum percentage of embryogenic cultures were noticed in 30.0mg/l of 2,4-D followed by NAA at 30.0mg/l. for the differentiation of somatic embryos, the embryogenic masses were transferred to medium without any growth regulator. The maximum number of somatic embryos per culture was recorded in 30 mg/l of 2,4-D followed by 30.0 mg/l of NAA. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L.,Somatic Embryogenesis, 2,4-D and NAA

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Efficient Plant Regeneration from Cotyledon and Midrib Derived Callus in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v14i0.439 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 31-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M Rahman ◽

M Asaduzzaman ◽

N Nahar ◽

MA Bari

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Plant Regeneration ◽

Key Words ◽

Somatic Embryo ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Root Induction ◽

Ms Medium

Somatic embryos were obtained from cotyledon and midrib explants of Solanum melongena L., cultivar Loda. For callus induction, medium was supplemented with different concentrations of auxin singly or in combination with BAP. The best callusing 83-85% was obtained from both of the explants cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mgl-1NAA + 0.05 mgl-1BAP. Somatic embryogenesis and shoot regeneration was achieved after transferring the calli to MS medium supplemented with BAP, GA3, NAA and Zeatin. Cotyledon derived calli showed better performance (87%) for regeneration than that of midrib (82%) when sub cultured on MS medium having 2.0 mgl-1 Zeatin + 1.0 mgl-1 BAP. For root induction, MS + 3.0 mgl-1 IBA was proved to be better treatment for average number (14-15) and mean length (12 cm) of roots than those of other treatments. Key words: Eggplant; cotyledon; midrib; callus induction; somatic embryo J. bio-sci. 14: 1-9, 2006

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Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin from polyembryonic mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis Sieb et Zucc.

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b97-055 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 509-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

P. V. Bozhkov ◽

I. S. Ahn ◽

Y. G. Park

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryo ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Zygotic Embryo ◽

Pinus Koraiensis ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Embryo Origin

Individual mature stored seeds of Pinus koraiensis sometimes contain several viable zygotic embryos originated through the processes of simple and cleavage polyembryony. To induce the embryonic process, isolated zygotic embryos were cultured on five different media all supplemented with 10 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 5 μM 6-benzyladenine. Two alternative pathways of somatic embryo origin were revealed. The first pathway was associated with the production of a friable, translucent callus in the hypocotyls–cotyledon region of the dominant zygotic embryo. The second pathway was related to the proliferation of a translucent, moist, and mucilaginous tissue (termed embryonal–suspensor mass) in the suspensor region of the dominant zygotic embryo. Both types of tissues contained early somatic embryos. Regression analysis has shown a strong negative correlation between the frequencies of formation of embryogenic callus and embryonal–suspensor mass both at 3 and 8 weeks of culture (r = − 0.85; p = 0.07 and r = −0.71; p = 0.17, respectively). Key words: Pinus koraiensis; polyembryonal seeds; somatic embryogenesis; embryogénie callus; embryonal–suspensor mass.

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Regeneration of soybean via embryogenic suspension culture

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162001000400017 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 753-758 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Annette Droste ◽

Paulo César Pimentel Leite ◽

Giancarlo Pasquali ◽

Elsa Cristina de Mundstock ◽

Maria Helena Bodanese-Zanettini

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryos ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Regeneration System ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Immature Cotyledon ◽

Maturation Medium ◽

Embryogenic Suspension ◽

Immature Seeds ◽

Embryogenic Suspension Culture ◽

Glycine Max L

In an attempt to establish an alternative plant regeneration system for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars used in Brazilian breeding programs, ten genotypes were tested for their embryogenic potential. Cotyledons were removed as explants from immature seeds harvested from field-grown plants. After 45 days on induction medium, the number of responding cotyledons and the number of somatic embryos per immature cotyledon were evaluated. The percentage of explants that produced somatic embryos varied from 1 to 70% among cultivars. The average number of somatic embryos produced per cotyledon pair ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 with a mean of 3.4. Suspension cultures were initiated with three Agrobacterium tumefaciens susceptible cultivars. Suspensions were successfully developed from Bragg and IAS5 cultivars. The packed cell volume, in one-month growth, increased 8.1 fold for Bragg and 3.5 fold for IAS5 and the fresh weight increased 6.6 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The cultivars differed for the analysed parameters. All tissue from each cultivar was transferred to the maturation medium and subsequently to the germination medium. The germination frequency was 45.7 and 54.9% for Bragg and IAS5, respectively. Plants were gradually exposed to ambient humidity over one week and then planted in soil. All plants yielded seeds in the greenhouse.

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Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on Development of Grape (Vitis vinifera L. `Thompson Seedless') Somatic Embryos

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.557c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 557c-557

Author(s):

Fred K. Westphal ◽

Michael E. Compton

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Somatic Embryo ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Embryo Germination ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Germination Medium ◽

Peg Treatment ◽

Somatic Embryo Germination

Torpedo-stage somatic embryos were selected from actively growing cultures and trasferred to embryo maintenance medium [MS with (per liter) 412.5 mg NH4NO3, 475 mg KNO3, 1 g myo-inositol, 90 g sucrose, 2 g activated charcoal, and 7 g TC agar] supplemented with either 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG) for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. Embryos placed on treatment media were transferred directly to grape somatic embryo germination medium [MS with (per liter) 1 g myo-inositol, 30 g sucrose, 1 M benzyladenine, and 7 g TC agar] once their PEG treatment was terminated. The number of embryos that germinated was recorded 4 weeks after transfer to somatic embryo germination medium. The number of germinated embryos that differentiated into plants was recorded at 8 weeks. There was no difference in germination rates and embryo differentiation among embryos incubated on medium with or without PEG for 4 weeks. A difference in embryo growth rate was observed after 8 weeks on medium with PEG. Embryo grew fastest on media containing 5% or 7.5% PEG. In addition, embryos grown on medium with 5% or 7.5% PEG were morphologically similar to zygotic embryos.

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Manifestation of embryogenic potential in culture of zygotic embryos of Quercus robur L.

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.1996.006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (1-2) ◽

pp. 37-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Maria G. Ostrolucká ◽

Diana Krajmerová

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Zygotic Embryo ◽

Casein Hydrolysate ◽

Zygotic Embryos ◽

Embryo Germination ◽

Repetitive Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Secondary Embryos ◽

Somatic Embryo Conversion

For the initiation of somatic embryogenesis early cotyledonary stage of zygotic embryo explants (from 15th July until late August) was suitable. The highest frequency of differentiation of somatic embryos was obtained on cotyledons of zygotic embryos cultured on basal modified medium MS (with 1/2 concentration macronutrients) or WPM medium containing 500 mg•l-1 glutamine, proline and casein hydrolysate and supplemented with 2,4-D (1,0-2,0 mg•l-1) and BAP (0,5-1,0 mg•l-1). The development of somatic embryos was direct and indirect and the process was continuous over a long period. Primary somatic embryos were able to produce secondary embryos. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis led to the proliferation of a large number of new somatic embryos on their cotyledons, hypocotyl or radicula. The process of embryo differentation is asynchronous - various stages of somatic embryos could be observed in embryogenic culture. A somatic embryo conversion was rare on tested media. Embryo germination occured on medium containing BAP (0,1 mg•l-1) or on medium with ABA and GA3 (each 0,2 mg•l-1) after a previous culture on WPM medium without plant growth regulators supplemented with sorbitol (6%). The embryo germination occurred also on WPM medium with 0.2 mg•l-1 BAP when cultures were mantained at 2oC for 4 weeks. Only 8 somatic embryos developed into plantlets. Their transplantation to in vivo conditions was unsuccessful.

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Induksi dan Proliferasi Embriogenesis Somatik In Vitro pada Lima Genotipe Kedelai

Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) ◽

10.24831/jai.v44i3.12782 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 261

Author(s):

Adam Saepudin ◽

Nurul Khumaida ◽

Didy Sopandie ◽

Dan Sintho Wahyuning Ardie

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryo ◽

Embryogenic Callus ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Embryo Induction ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Induction Experiment ◽

Embryogenic Callus Induction ◽

Somatic Embryo Induction

ABSTRACT Somatic embryo induction medium was reported to be genotype dependent for soybean. This study was aimed to obtain the optimum medium for embryo somatic induction and proliferation, and to regenerate somatic embryo of five soybean genotypes. Five soybean genotypes (Tanggamus, Anjasmoro, Yellow Biloxi, CG-22-10, and SP-10-4) were used in this study. The research was divided into four steps: (1) embryogenic callus induction of five soybean genotypes, (2) embryogenic callus proliferation of five soybean genotypes, (3) optimation of embryo somatic induction on five soybean genotypes and (4) embryo somatic regeneration of five soybean genotypes. The induction experiment showed that based on number of embryogenic callus, the best somatic embryo-induction medium was 3% sucrose+ NAA 5 mg L-1+2,4-D 5 mg L-1+ Vitamin B5. Embryogenic callus number for each genotype tested was increased on proliferation media of 3% sukrosa + 2,4-D 5 mg L-1 + NAA 5 mg L-1+ Vit B5, and Yellow Biloxi gave the highest number of proliferated somatic embryos compared to other genotypes. Increasing number of globular somatic embryo of all genotypes was obtained from the optimation of somatic embryo induction media being used, and Tanggamus genotype gave the highest number of globular somatic embryo which followed by Yellow Biloxi genotype. Tanggamus and Yellow Biloxi genotypes were also successfully formed the four steps of somatic embryos (globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages), but in regeneration medium of MS0 and media MS + sukrosa 10 g L-1 + GA3 2 mg L-1 + BAP 4 mg L-1 + Vit B5 only Tanggamus genotype was regenerated into plantlet. Keywords: 2,4-D, NAA, somatic embryos, induction, proliferation

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Histology of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in excised root cultures of an endangered species Tylophora indica (Asclepiadaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt09220 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 198 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Aastha Sahai ◽

Anwar Shahzad ◽

Shiwali Sharma

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Induction Medium ◽

Root Induction ◽

Ms Medium ◽

Tylophora Indica ◽

Regenerated Plants ◽

Maturation Medium ◽

Half Strength ◽

One Year

This paper reports an efficient regeneration protocol through parallel organogenic and embryogenic pathways from green root segments (GRSs) of Tylophora indica (Burm.f) Merrill. GRSs explants from one year old in vitro cultures were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various cytokinins. Five µmol/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA) was most responsive for organogenesis in 1.5 cm long GRSs. Repeated subculture on medium containing both BA (5 µmol/L) and 1-naphthleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.1 µmol/L) promoted multiplication and proliferation of direct shoot buds (46.80 ± 0.96) and callus mediated somatic embryogenesis (18.07 ± 0.33). Germinated embryos isolated from callus were transferred onto maturation medium consisting of half-strength MS medium either devoid of plant growth regulators (PGRs) or with various concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA). Microshoots were excised during subculture and transferred onto root induction medium, thus ensuring a continuous supply of germplasm. Morphogenic variations were noticed in types of roots induced on various auxins. Regenerated plantlets and emblings hardened best on vermiculite with a survival rate of 90% and 70% respectively. However, the emblings were healthier in comparison to the regenerated plants. Histological analysis showed the origin and development of organogenesis.

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Plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis in Pinus thunbergii resistant to the pine wood nematode

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2018-0522 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (12) ◽

pp. 1604-1612

Author(s):

Tingyu Sun ◽

Yanli Wang ◽

Lihua Zhu ◽

Xiaoqin Wu ◽

Jianren Ye

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Plant Regeneration ◽

Somatic Embryo ◽

Cell Line ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Zygotic Embryo ◽

Pinus Thunbergii ◽

Embryogenic Tissue ◽

Embryo Production ◽

Somatic Embryo Production

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a severe threat to pine forests in East Asia. Screening and breeding of resistant varieties is a very effective way to prevent and control PWD; however, no reliable somatic embryogenesis system has yet been developed for the elite nematode-resistant Pinus thunbergii Parl. line. In this study, we studied the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis of nematode-resistant P. thunbergii. Initiation of embryogenic tissue was significantly affected by seed family (p = 0.017), immature zygotic embryo stage (p = 0.032), and initiation medium (p = 0.004). Seed family 37 was the most favorable female parent for initiation of P. thunbergii. Furthermore, the initiation rate increased from the pre-embryonic stage to the cleavage polyembryonic stage. The optimal medium was I2, containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9 μmol·L−1) and 6-benzyladenine (4.4 μmol·L−1). A statistically significant interaction between cell line and subculture time (24 months) was observed in the influence on proliferation rate, somatic embryo production, and percentage germination (p < 0.001). In this study, the highest somatic embryo production was achieved using cell line 37-1 (1983 somatic embryos per gram fresh mass), with approximately 83.5% of somatic embryos germinating after transferring to germination medium, of which 77.6% converted into plantlets.

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