Embryo Rescue and Moleclar Marker-Assisted Selection of Hybrid Seedless Grape

Seedless grapes play an important role in fresh food and dry production. New varieties breeding by hybridization with seedless varieties as female parents is the most effective way to cultivate seedless varieties. However, the embryos of Seedless varieties can not develop normally, so it is difficult to obtain hybrid offspring as hybrid female parent. Moreover, grape is a perennial tree species with highly heterozygous genes, with long breeding cycle and low efficiency. In this study, embryo rescue technology was used to cultivate hybrid offspring by crossing with ‘Ruby Seedless’ as female parent and ‘Hongqitezao’ as male parent, so as to solve the problem that seedless varieties can not be female parent; and molecular technology was used to carry out assisted breeding research to solve the problems of long cycle and low efficiency. TP-M13-SSR technique was used to carry out authenticity breeding. SCAR marker SCF27-2000 was used to detect the seedless traits of hybrid plants, phenotypic traits was used to verify the results of molecular markers, and Seedless trait-related SSR markers VMC7F2, VrSD10 and P3_VvAGL11 was used to detect and verify the genotypes of individual plants with inconsistent detection results by the two methods. In this study, a total of 384 hybrid offspring were finally obtained, and the hybridization rate was 84.43%. A total of 163 fruit-bearing plants were identified, and the phenotypes of their seeds were identified. The coincidence rate of genotypic and phenotypic analyses was 93.88%. Additionally, 305 F1 plants were detected using the SCF27-2000 marker, and the abortion rate was 64.92%. We speculate that the inconsistent results were caused by parthenocarpy, SCF27 marker limitation, among other factors. Overall, this study shows that embryo rescue is an effective method for breeding seedless grape cultivars, and the application of molecular markers could facilitate the early identification of hybrid traits,and improve breeding efficiency.

On the Biochemical and Physiological Responses of ‘Crimson Seedless’ Grapes Coated with an Edible Composite of Pectin, Polyphenylene Alcohol, and Salicylic Acid

The ‘Crimson seedless’ grape encountered several difficulties during shelf life, including weight loss, rachis browning, and berry shattering. The effect of exogenous pectin (PE) and polyphenol alcohol (PVA) with supporting salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (0, 1, and 2 mM) was applied. The coating was applied to bunches for 5 min and stored at room temperature (26 ± 1 °C and RH 65 ± 3%) for 4 days. In this study, postharvest application of PE + PVA-SA can significantly reduce the cell wall degradation enzyme activities of ‘Crimson seedless’ grape during shelf life. ‘Crimson seedless’ bunches, treated with PE + PVA-SA 2 mmol L−1, had a lowered rachis browning index (RB index), weight loss (WL%), and berry shattering percentage (BS%) and preserved berry color hue angle (ho) compared to untreated bunches during shelf-life duration. Moreover, the PE + PVA-SA 2 mM improved berry firmness (BF) and removal force (BRF). It also improved the soluble solid content (SSC%), titratable acidity (TA%), and SSC: TA-ratio, for assessing berry maturity. The cellular metabolism enzyme activities (CMEAs) of the cell wall such as polygalacturonase (PG), cellulase (CEL), xylanase (XYL), and pectinase (PT) were minimized by applying PE + PVA-SA 2 mM coatings throughout storage duration. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and cell wall damage, as well as the electrolyte leakage percentage (EL%), was reduced. PE + PVA-SA 2 mM maintained DPPH radical quenching activities and minimized O2− and H2O2 production rates. Collectively, these findings suggest that PE + PVA with the presence of SA as a coating treatment preserved ‘Crimson seedless’ bunches during shelf life. PE + PVA-SA 2 mM might be at least partially ascribed to the enhancement of bunches’ quality traits as well as inhibiting cell wall damage during the shelf-life period.

The Quality of Superior Seedless Bunches during Shelf Life as Determined by Growth on Different Rootstocks

Vineyard rootstocks are an important tool in the local and international market for growing the Superior Seedless grape cultivar, which is highly favored by customers. As a result, it is vital to pay close attention to the quality of clusters during handling. The current study aimed to determine whether Superior Seedless vines can be grown on specific rootstocks, resulting in higher quality during shelf life. Vines of the Superior Seedless vine cultivar that were used were 13 years old and had been grown on sandy soil. These vines were grafted onto four different rootstocks (genotypes), namely Freedom, 1103 Paulsen, SO4, and Own Root. The soluble solids content (SSC%) was selected as 16%. Bunches were subsequently stored in the lab at 27 ± 1 °C with 57 ± 3% air relative humidity for three days. Rootstock 1103 Paulsen’s quality was found to be superior to that of the other rootstocks, according to the results of the study. Rootstock 1103 Paulsen maintained its ascorbic acid (AA) content, which is reflected in its antioxidant capacity, according to the results. In addition, lipid peroxidation accumulation and ion leakage percentages indicated that oxidative reactions were at their lowest levels. The results show that 1103 Paulsen decreases cellular metabolism enzyme activities at the shelf life level and improves the bunch quality of Superior Seedless (scion) grapes within 4 days of application. As a whole, the results show that the 1103 Paulsen rootstock produces Superior Seedless bunches of a high quality that is preserved throughout the shelf life period.

Variation of seedless trait in grape varieties of Anapa ampelographic collection

Среди столовых сортов винограда особое место для потребителей занимают бессемянные сорта. Бессемянность у винограда - это форма стерильности, при которой отмечается недоразвитие семян или их полное отсутствие. В разных сортах винограда степень недоразвитости семян отличается, в зависимости от этого выделяют четыре категории бессемянности. Признак бессемянности в сортах винограда обусловлен генетически, однако категория бессемянности может варьировать. В статье приводятся результаты фенотипического изучения 22 бессемянных сортов винограда в условиях Анапской ампелографической коллекции. Цель исследования - изучение варьирования проявления признака бессемянности у сортов винограда. Оценка сортов выполнена в погодно-климатических условиях 2019-2020 гг. Условия при формировании ягод в 2020 году были более засушливыми. Массу рудиментов оценивали в два этапа: масса свежих рудиментов и масса рудиментов после дегидратации. Наименьшая масса рудиментов в ягоде была отмечена у сортов Кишмиш белый овальный, Кишмиш круглый, Детский, Кишмиш Согдиана, Кишмиш белый круглый. В сортах Памяти Смирнова, Кишмиш 342, Русбол, Янги Ер выявлен самый крупный размер рудиментов (14,1 мг и более). Некоторые сорта из исследованной выборки показали разные категории бессемянности в годы наблюдений, наиболее изменчивой оказалась группа третьей категории бессемянности. У столовых сортов винограда важным показателем является и размер ягод, наибольшая масса ягоды отмечена у сортов Памяти Смирнова и Кишмиш молдавский. Также была определена доля массы свежих рудиментов от массы ягоды. Among table grape varieties, seedless varieties occupy special place for consumers. Seedlessness in grapes is a form of sterility, in which the underdevelopment of seeds or their complete absence is observed. In different grape varieties, the degree of underdevelopment of seeds differs, dividing grapes on four categories of seedlessness. The trait of seedlessness in grape varieties is genetically determined, but the category of seedlessness can vary. The article presents the phenotypic study results of 22 seedless grape varieties in the conditions of Anapa ampelographic collection. The aim of the article is to study the variation of manifestation of seedless trait in grape varieties. The varieties were evaluated in weather and climatic conditions of 2019-2020. The conditions for berry formation in 2020 were more arid. The mass of rudiments was evaluated in two stages: the mass of fresh rudiments and the mass of rudiments after dehydrogenation. The smallest mass of rudiments in a berry was noted in the varieties ‘Kishmish Bely Ovalny’, ‘Kishmish Krougly’, ‘Detskiy’, ‘Kishmish Sogdiana’, ‘Kishmish Bely Krougly’. The largest size of rudiments (14.1 mg or more) was revealed in the varieties ‘Pamyati Smirnova’, ‘Kishmish 342’, ‘Rusbol’, ‘Yangi Er’. Some varieties from the studied selection of samples showed different categories of seedlessness during the observation years, the most variable was the group of the 3d category of seedlessness. For table grape varieties, the size of berries is also an important indicator. The largest berry mass was registered in the varieties ‘Pamyati Smirnova’ and ‘Kishmish Moldavsky’. Also we have determined the proportion of fresh rudiment mass from berry mass.

DNA sequence and community structure diversity of multi-year soil fungi in Grape of Xinjiang

This study is designed to understand the community structure and diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere soil of grape. As the sample for this study, the rhizosphere soil of Crimson seedless grape with different planting years was collected from Shihezi in Xinjiang to carry out high-throughput sequencing, by which the complete sequence of soil fungi DNA was identified, and accordingly, the richness and diversity index of fungi were determined. The results showed that the dominant phyla of fungi in the grape rhizosphere soil with different planting years were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and the dominant classes of fungi were Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Soil organic matter, total potassium, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main soil fertility factors affecting the abundance and diversity of soil fungal communities, among which soil organic matter had the most significant influence. In addition, the fungal diversity and richness were highest in the middle layer (20–35 cm) of the grape rhizosphere soil with 12 planting years and lowest in the lower layer (35–50 cm) of the grape rhizosphere soil with 5 planting years. Linear discriminant analysis suggested that there were more biomarkers in the vineyard rhizosphere soil with 10 planting years, which meant there were more fungal communities with significant difference in the soil, especially in the middle layer (20–35). The results of this study can provide data reference and theoretical basis for improving vineyard soil quality, evaluating soil microecological effects and improving ecological environment of vineyard soil.

NEW SOURCES OF SEEDLESS GRAPES OF ANAPA EXPERIMENTAL STATION SELECTION

It is commonly known that the share of seedless grape varieties in the total production in the country is very small. Of 106 table varieties included in the register, only 4 varieties are of kishmish direction (Kishmish radiant, Korinka Russian, Yuzhnoberezhny, Yalta seedless). These varieties are in great demand, since their berries are used both fresh and dried. This article presents results of long-term research on isolation of genetic seedlessness donors among grape varieties of Anapa zonal experimental station of viticulture and winemaking, such as Lotos, Zhemchug of Anapa and Kishmish pink AZOS. These studies were carried out with a simultaneous complex study of economically valuable traits and annually changing weather conditions. In addition, the assessment of these varieties was carried out according to seedlessness sign intensity in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The greatest mass of rudiments of all analyzed samples was found in Kishmish pink AZOS variety, therefore, it was assigned to the third category of seedlessness, although the mass ratio of rudiments to the mass of the berry is negligible. The rest of the studied seedless grape varieties in comparison with the control variety (Radiant Kishmish) have a higher seedless class. It particularly concerns varieties such varieties as Zhemchug of Anapa and Lotus, belonging to the first and second classes of seedlessness, respectively. Along with this, a long-term work was carried out to study the yield of these varieties and their productivity (coefficients of fruiting and fertility), the phenology of plant development depending on weather conditions. In particular, it was found that high productivity parameters are observed in all the studied varieties every year; Lotus and Zhemchug of Anapa have also high yield every year. The conducted work has shown prospects for using grape varieties of Anapa Experimental Station as future seedlessness donors.