scholarly journals Root Severance at Harvest Increases Embolism and Decreases Sap Flow of Field-grown Acer rubrum L.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia R. Knight ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors ◽  
Old Trees

Root severance during field harvesting alters the water status of a tree, resulting in water stress and reduced post-transplant growth. Two experiments, using Acer rubrum L. (red maple), determined the influence of root severance at harvest on sap flow and xylem embolism. Trees 1.5–1.8 m tall (4 years old) were utilized in the first experiment, and trees 1.2–1.5 m tall (2 years old) were utilized in the second. Sap flow sensors were installed on the 4-year-old trees prior to root severance and remained on the trees until 1 week after harvest. Within 1 day after root severance sap flow was reduced and remained lower than nontransplanted (control) trees for the remainder of the experiment. Leaf stomatal conductance (Cs) of transplanted trees 1 week after root severance was lower than that of control trees, but leaf water potentials (ψ) were similar. In the second experiment, sap flow was reduced relative to control trees within 2 h after root severance. Although Cs was reduced 4 hours after root severance, ψ was not. Embolism increased within 24 hours of root severance. These results indicate that root severance quickly induces increased levels of embolism, which is associated with reduced sap flow.

scholarly journals Water Relations of Acer rubrum in Response to Summer Digging

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 595C-595
Author(s):  
P.R. Knight ◽  
J.R. Harris ◽  
J.K. Fanelli ◽  
M.P. Kelting
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Ball Diameter ◽  
Old Trees

Two experiments were conducted on Acer rubrum L. to determine the influence of root severance on sap flow, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential (ψ), and stem xylem embolism. Experiment 1 utilized 3-year-old trees, and experiment 2 utilized 2-year-old trees. Sixteenmm sap flow gauges were installed on both groups. Trees for experiment 1 were harvested on 31 May 1996 with a root ball diameter of 30.5 cm. Sap flow was reduced within one day after plants were harvested and was still lower 1 week after harvest. On 7 June 1996, harvested trees had lower stomatal conductance measurements, compared to not-harvested trees, but ψ were similar. A second experiment was initiated on 20 Aug. 1996, using the same protocol as in experiment 1. Sap flow was reduced within 2 h after harvest for harvested trees compared to not-harvested trees. Leaf stomatal conductances were reduced within 4 h of harvest. Leaf water potentials were not influenced on the day that the trees were harvested. Embolism levels were increased by harvest within 24 h. These results indicate that transplant stress begins shortly after harvest and not at the actual time of transplant.

An Empirical Calibration for Heat-Balance Sap-Flow Sensors in Maize

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 1122-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueyue Wang ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Xinhua Xiao ◽  
Joshua Heitman ◽  
Robert Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Balance ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Empirical Calibration ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors

Stomatal conductance and growth of five Alnusglutinosa clones in response to controlled water stress

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Hennessey ◽  
E. M. Lorenzi ◽  
R. W. McNew
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Progressive Water Stress

An experiment to quantify the response of unnodulated, fertilized European black alder (Alnusglutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) seedlings to progressive water stress showed contrasting drought tolerance among five clones, using stomatal conductance, leaf area, and height as indices of drought sensitivity. In particular, one rapidly growing clone (AG 8022-14) showed the ability to moderate changes in water stress more efficiently than the more slowly growing clones. After 30 days of moderate levels of water stress, clones that had higher stomatal conductance also had greater leaf area and height growth. Leaf area and height were both sensitive to plant water status, although no threshold of stress associated with a cessation of leaf area or height expansion was found even though stomatal conductance decreased to 0.05 cm s−1 under severe water stress.

Effect of Water Stress on Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Water Relations of Leaves Along Current-Year Branches of Peach

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
SL Steinberg ◽  
MJ Mcfarland ◽  
JC Miller
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Status ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Water Potentials

A gradation, that reflects the maturity of the leaves, exists in the leaf water, osmotic and turgor potential and stomatal conductance of leaves along current and 1-year-old branches of peach. Predawn leaf water potentials of immature folded leaves were approximately 0.24 MPa lower than mature leaves under both well-watered and dry conditions. During the daytime the leaf water potential of immature leaves reflected the water potential produced by water flux for transpiration. In well- watered trees, mature and immature unfolded leaves had a solute potential at least 0.5 MPa lower than immature folded leaves, resulting in a turgor potential that was approximately 0.8 MPa higher. The turgor requirement for growth appeared to be much less than that maintained in mature leaves. As water stress developed and leaf water potentials decreased, the osmotic potential of immature folded leaves declined to the level found in mature leaves, thus maintaining turgor. In contrast, mature leaves showed little evidence of turgor maintenance. Stomatal conductance was lower in immature leaves than in fully mature leaves. With the onset of water stress, conductance of mature leaves declined to a level near that of immature leaves. Loss of turgor in mature leaves may be a major factor in early stomatal closure. It was concluded that osmotic adjustment played a role in maintenance of a leaf water status favorable for some growth in water-stressed immature peach leaves.

THE EFFECT OF AXIAL CONDUIT WIDENING ON SAP FLOW SENSORS READINGS

2013 ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Anfodillo ◽  
G. Petit ◽  
V. Carraro
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors

scholarly journals Sap Flow Sensors: Construction, Quality Control and Comparison

Sensors ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 954-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler W. Davis ◽  
Chen-Min Kuo ◽  
Xu Liang ◽  
Pao-Shan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Construction Quality ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors

scholarly journals Genotypic Variability in Photosynthesis, Water Use, and Light Absorption among Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars in Response to Drought Stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Bauerle ◽  
Jerry B. Dudley ◽  
Lawrence W. Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Psii Efficiency ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Water Stress Condition

Cultivars of red (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray) are popular ornamental plants which are commonly placed in a variety of landscapes. To date, little information quantifies the capacity to tolerate and recover from drought among cultivars of red and Freeman maple. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of water stress on the physiology of five different maple cultivars of marketable size including four red maple genotypes, `Summer Red', `October Glory' (October Glory), `Autumn Flame', and `Franksred' (Red Sunset), as well as one hybridized Freeman maple genotype, `Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze). Two-year-old cloned genotypes of red and Freeman maple were subjected to two treatments: irrigated daily to container capacity or irrigation withheld for one drought and recovery cycle. Light absorption, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were conducted under well-watered and drought stress conditions that approached 0.070 m3·m-3. Compared to well-watered conditions, drought stress conditions of 0.090 m3·m-3 had a significant main effect that reduced the amount of light absorption in four of the five genotypes. Additionally, absorption among genotypes was different under both well-watered and water stress conditions. Over the course of drought stress and a recovery phase, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were different among genotypes. Maximum photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of dark-adapted leaves (Fv/Fm) was lowered by the water stress condition. The efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centers (Fv`/Fm') was variable among genotypes. Photochemical quenching was higher in Autumn Blaze, October Glory, and `Summer Red' under drought conditions, which corresponded with a low degree of closure of PSII centers. Additionally, the fraction of excess excitation energy was also lower. Lastly, water deficit caused an increase in PSII efficiency in all genotypes except Autumn Blaze. This research demonstrated physiological variation among commercially available red and Freeman maple genotypes that may be selected for drought tolerance based on site moisture characteristics.

scholarly journals RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS E BIOQUÍMICAS DE PLANTAS DE AROEIRA (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO E POSTERIOR RECUPERAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Silva Costa ◽  
Antonio Lucineudo Oliveira Freire ◽  
Ivonete Alves Bakke ◽  
Francisco Hevilásio Freire Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Black Plastic

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS E BIOQUÍMICAS DE PLANTAS DE AROEIRA (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) AO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO E POSTERIOR RECUPERAÇÃO  AMANDA SILVA COSTA1; ANTONIO LUCINEUDO DE OLIVEIRA FREIRE2; IVONETE ALVES BAKKE3 E FRANCISCO HEVILÁSIO FREIRE PEREIRA4 1Engenheira Florestal - Mestre em Ciências Florestais pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais – Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Florestal - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande/UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil, [email protected] Agrônomo – Doutor - Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Florestal - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande/UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil, [email protected] Florestal – Doutora - Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Florestal - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande/UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil, [email protected] Agrônomo – Doutor - Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal de Campina Grande/UFCG, Pombal, PB, Brasil, [email protected]  1 RESUMO A aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão) vem sendo explorada de forma desordenada, ocasionando redução drástica no número de indivíduos, fazendo com que passasse a fazer parte da lista de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, sendo oportuna a prioridade da conservação. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito de aspectos relacionados à sua fisiologia, principalmente acerca dos mecanismos fisiológicos que determinam sua tolerância à seca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as trocas gasosas e o acúmulo de solutos orgânicos em plantas jovens de aroeira submetidas ao déficit hídrico e posterior recuperação. Plantas com doze meses de idade, mantidas em sacos plásticos pretos, contendo 5 kg de uma mistura de solo e esterco bovino (2:1) foram submetidas aos tratamentos irrigados (controle) e de déficit hídrico, o qual foi imposto através da suspensão da irrigação. Decorridos 12 dias de déficit hídrico, as plantas foram reidratadas. As plantas sob déficit hídrico apresentaram teor relativo de água de 70% ao final do período de estresse. O déficit hídrico promoveu redução progressiva na condutância estomática, na transpiração, na fotossíntese líquida e na eficiência no uso da água das plantas. A concentração intercelular de CO2 e as concentrações foliares de açúcares totais e aminoácidos solúveis totais aumentaram. Após a retomada da irrigação, ocorreu rápida recuperação no teor relativo de água, mas a recuperação da condutância estomática e da fotossíntese líquida ocorreu mais lentamente. As plantas de aroeira foram capazes de recuperar o status hídrico e o funcionamento do mecanismo estomático e fotossintético após a recuperação, demonstrando tolerância ao déficit hídrico. Palavras-chave: Fotossíntese, solutos orgânicos, trocas gasosas, tolerância à seca.  COSTA, A, S.; FREIRE, A. L. O.; BAKKE, I. A.; PEREIRA, F. H. R.PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESONSES OF Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão  PLANTS TO WATER DEFICIT AND REHYDRATION   2 ABSTRACT Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemao plants have been explored in a disorderly way, which   has caused   a sharp reduction in the number of individuals, and  put  them on  the list of endangered species. Therefore, their conservation became timely priority. However, little is known about aspects concerning their physiology, mainly those related to physiological mechanisms which determine their drought tolerance.   The objective of this study was to evaluate the stomatal behavior and accumulation of organic solutes in young plants subjected to water stress and subsequent rehydration.  Twelve  month-old  plants, kept in black plastic bags, with 5 kg of a mixture of soil and bovine manure (2:1) were subjected to irrigation treatment (control) and water deficit by irrigation withdrawal. After 12 day-water deficit, plants were rehydrated.  Plants under water deficit showed relative water content of 70% at the end of the stress. Water stress caused progressive reduction in stomatal conductance, transpiration,  photosynthesis rate  and water use efficiency of plants. Intercellular concentration of CO2   and leaf concentrations of total sugar and soluble amino acids increased.   After resumption of irrigation, rapid recovery of relative content of water was observed in the second day, but recovery of the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate was slower.  Plants were able to recover   the water status and functioning of the stomatal and photosynthetic mechanisms after rehydration, which shows their tolerance to water stress. Keywords: Photosynthesis, organic solutes, gas exchanges, drought  tolerance. 

Water-use efficiency, photosynthetic characteristics, and high through-put phenotyping methods for soybean (glycine max) genotypes contrasting in carbon isotope discrimination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brett Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sap Flow ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Flow Sensors ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Sap Flow Sensors

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Drought is a huge concern for soybean growers across the world, and in the Midwestern US is the main limitation to grain yield. A way to protect against drought stress is for plants to use water more efficiently. Carbon isotope discrimination (CID) is a measured trait that is related to water-use efficiency (WUE), and can be used to screen genotypes for higher WUE. Several genotypes were studied in multiple greenhouse and field experiments with varying drought stress treatments. Genotypes exhibiting less CID were shown to have a higher WUE, and CID was related to WUE. The higher WUE genotypes also exhibited differences in photosynthetic traits, especially in their stomatal behavior to restrict water loss. In terms of grain yield, very few differences were observed between the genotypes. Thermal images to estimate canopy temperature and sap flow sensors to estimate field water use provided excellent insight into differences among watering treatments and genotypes for transpiration rates. This research demonstrates, that in soybean, CID can be used as a screening tool to select for higher WUE, and higher WUE is likely a result of increased stomatal restrictions to prevent water loss during periods of drought stress. However, these genotypes exhibiting less transpiration showed minimal, if any grain yield reduction. Further, whole field imaging can also be utilized to identify higher WUE genotypes, and sap flow sensors can be expected to estimate water use in the field. Both resulting in reduced labor and more efficient time use.

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