Variation in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance among red maple (Acer rubrum) urban planted cultivars and wildtype trees in the southeastern United States

Abstract Nine red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars (‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘Karpick’, ‘Northwood’, ‘October Glory’, ‘Redskin’, ‘Schlesingeri’, and ‘Tilford’), three Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii, interspecific cross between red maple and silver maple) cultivars (‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Scarsen’), and a group of A. rubrum seedlings were evaluated in a field study with trickle irrigation for growth rates and fall color. ‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Scarsen’, and ‘Autumn Flame’ increased the most in height and diameter annually. Height increase was least for ‘Northwood’. ‘Northwood’ and ‘Karpick’ increased least in diameter annually. Considerable variation in initiation, peak, and duration of fall color, and time of defoliation were evident among cultivars. ‘Fairview Flame’ and ‘October Glory’ exhibited superior fall color while ‘Northwood’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Redskin’ had poor fall color.

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Absorption and translocation of [14C]glyphosate in four woody plant species

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-107 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 785-789 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas H. Green ◽

Patrick J. Minogue ◽

Charles H. Brewer ◽

Glenn R. Glover ◽

Dean H. Gjerstad

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Woody Plant ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Herbicide Tolerance ◽

Woody Species ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Foliar Absorption

Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern United States. Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and yaupon (Ilexvomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed significantly less glyphosate than did red maple (Acerrubrum L.) or white oak (Quercusalba L.), indicating the importance of foliar absorption as a barrier to glyphosate entry. Although herbicide absorption was similar between the sensitive white oak and the tolerant red maple, white oak accumulated more glyphosate in the roots than did red maple, indicating that translocation patterns also contribute significantly to glyphosate tolerance in some woody species.

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Potential Alternative Tree Species as Substrates for Forest Farming of Log-grown Shiitake Mushrooms in the Southeastern United States

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04721-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 741-744

Author(s):

Gregory E. Frey ◽

Tarik Durmus ◽

Erin O. Sills ◽

Fikret Isik ◽

Marcus M. Comer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Tree Species ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

The United States ◽

Financial Returns ◽

White Oak ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Potential Alternative

Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom-producing fungus. “Natural log-grown” shiitake mushrooms are favored by consumers and are often produced by small farmers and hobbyists in the United States. The tree species most often recommended as a substrate for shiitake is white oak (Quercus alba), which has many other economic uses. We tested two strains of shiitake in log substrates of three common, low-value tree species in the southeastern United States to identify potential alternatives to white oak. We found that sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) was a good substitute for white oak, both in terms of mushroom production and financial returns. Red maple (Acer rubrum) had less potential, with lower production and marginal financial returns, and ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima) was not a suitable alternative substrate. Of the two shiitake strains tested, a commercially available strain performed better than a naturalized strain that was isolated from an uninoculated log. Further research is needed to identify other potential alternative substrates and production techniques in the southeastern United States and other regions.

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Root Severance at Harvest Increases Embolism and Decreases Sap Flow of Field-grown Acer rubrum L.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.5.833 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 833-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patricia R. Knight ◽

J. Roger Harris ◽

Jody K. Fanelli

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Sap Flow ◽

Water Status ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Red Maple ◽

Flow Sensors ◽

Xylem Embolism ◽

Sap Flow Sensors ◽

Old Trees

Root severance during field harvesting alters the water status of a tree, resulting in water stress and reduced post-transplant growth. Two experiments, using Acer rubrum L. (red maple), determined the influence of root severance at harvest on sap flow and xylem embolism. Trees 1.5–1.8 m tall (4 years old) were utilized in the first experiment, and trees 1.2–1.5 m tall (2 years old) were utilized in the second. Sap flow sensors were installed on the 4-year-old trees prior to root severance and remained on the trees until 1 week after harvest. Within 1 day after root severance sap flow was reduced and remained lower than nontransplanted (control) trees for the remainder of the experiment. Leaf stomatal conductance (Cs) of transplanted trees 1 week after root severance was lower than that of control trees, but leaf water potentials (ψ) were similar. In the second experiment, sap flow was reduced relative to control trees within 2 h after root severance. Although Cs was reduced 4 hours after root severance, ψ was not. Embolism increased within 24 hours of root severance. These results indicate that root severance quickly induces increased levels of embolism, which is associated with reduced sap flow.

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Multiple Location Differences in Growth of Red Maple `October Glory'

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.7.3.258 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 258-260

Author(s):

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

John M. Ruter ◽

D. Joseph Eakes

Keyword(s):

Southeastern United States ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Field Studies ◽

Dry Mass ◽

First Year ◽

Limited Information ◽

Red Maple ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Height Increase ◽

Similar Growth

Acer rubrum `October Glory' has grown well in field studies across the southeastern United States. However, there is limited information on container production for this cultivar. Our objective was to evaluate first-year growth of container-grown `October Glory' at three locations with dissimilar climates in Georgia and Alabama. Rooted cuttings were planted in no. 3 containers at one location in Apr. 1995. Trees were transported the second week of June to Blairsville, Ga.; Auburn, Ala.; and Tifton, Ga. Trees were grown for 6 months until dormant and were harvested at the end of December. Location had no impact on final plant height increase (Blairsville, Auburn, and Tifton, 59.8, 53.0, and 60.2 cm, respectively). Increases in stem diameter and shoot dry mass were greatest at Tifton (8.4 mm, 17.5 g) and least at Blairsville (6.3 mm, 9.2 g), with Auburn similar to both locations (6.8 mm, 12.2 g). Root dry masses and root: shoot ratios were greatest in Tifton (17.2 g, 0.967), with no differences between Blairsville (4.9 g, 0.508) and Auburn (7.0 g, 0.641). Despite climatic dissimilarities, among locations, producers of container-grown `October Glory' could expect similar growth during the first year throughout Georgia and Alabama.

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Implications of a predicted shift from upland oaks to red maple on forest hydrology and nutrient availability

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x10-029 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 716-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Heather D. Alexander ◽

Mary A. Arthur

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

The United States ◽

Net N Mineralization ◽

Forest Hydrology ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Red Maple ◽

Nutrient Inputs

Fire suppression has facilitated the spread of red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), a fire-sensitive, yet highly adaptable species, in historically oak-dominated forests of the eastern United States. Here, we address whether a shift from upland oaks to red maple could influence forest hydrology and nutrient availability because of species-specific effects on precipitation distribution and inorganic nitrogen (N) cycling. In eastern Kentucky, we measured seasonal variations in red maple, chestnut oak ( Quercus montana Willd.), and scarlet oak ( Quercus coccinea Münchh.) throughfall and stemflow quantity and quality following discrete precipitation events, and we assessed net N mineralization rates in underlying soils over a 2-year period (2006–2008). Throughfall was 3%–9% lower underneath red maple than both oaks, but red maple generated 2–3× more stemflow. Consequently, NH4+ throughfall deposition was less under red maple than chestnut oak, whereas stemflow-derived nutrient inputs were substantially larger for red maple than both oaks. Soils underlying red maple had 5–13× greater winter net nitrification rates than soils under both oaks and 20%–30% greater rates of seasonal net ammonification than soils under chestnut oak. These findings suggest a spatial redistribution of water and nutrients via precipitation as red maple dominance increases and point to stemflow as an important mechanism that may foster red maple competitive success, further bolstering the mesophication process in the United States.

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(142) Hydraulic Resistance: A Determinant of Short-term Stomatal Conductance Signaling in Disparate Xylem Anatomy of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii Buckl.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1058a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1058A-1058

Author(s):

William W. Inman ◽

William L. Bauerle

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Hydraulic Resistance ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Xylem Anatomy ◽

Red Maple ◽

Short Term ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Substrate Moisture ◽

Quercus Shumardii

Recent work has shown that stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (Anet) are responsive to the hydraulic conductance of the soil to leaf pathway (Xp). Two tree species with differing xylem structures were used to study the effect of systematic manipulations in Xp that elevated xylem hydraulic resistance. Simultaneous measures of gs, Anet, bulk leaf abscisic acid concentration (ABAL), leaf water potential (L), and whole plant transpiration (Ew) were taken under controlled environment conditions. Quercus shumardii Buckl. (shumard oak), a ring porous species and Acer rubrum L. `Summer Red' (red maple), a diffuse porous species, were studied to investigate the short-term hydraulic and chemical messenger response to drought. Both species decreased Anet, gs, L, and Ew in response to an immediate substrate moisture alteration. Relative to initial well-watered values, red maple Anet, gs, and Ew declined more than shumard oak. However, gs and Anet vs. whole-plant leaf specific hydraulic resistance was greater in shumard oak. In addition, the larger hydraulic resistance in shumard oak was attributed to higher shoot, as opposed to root, system resistance. The results indicate hydraulic resistance differences that may be attributed to the disparate xylem anatomy between the two species. This study also provides evidence to support the short-term hydraulic signal negative feedback link hypothesis between gs and the cavitation threshold, as opposed to chemical signaling via rapid accumulation from root-synthesized ABA.

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Within-crown Variation in the Development of Photosynthetic Capacity Is Proportional to Growth Temperature in Temperate Deciduous Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.999a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 999A-999

Author(s):

William L. Bauerle ◽

Joseph D. Bowden ◽

Geoff G. Wang

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Growth Temperature ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Temperature Acclimation ◽

Red Maple ◽

Temperature Optimum ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽

Regeneration Rate ◽

Thermal Environments

This study set out to test the hypothesis that the development in the capacity for the maximal rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (VCmax) and the maximum regeneration rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Jmax) per unit mass is proportional to the growth temperature under which the leaf develops and to investigate whether the capacity for photosynthetic acclimation to temperature varies genetically within a species by testing genotypes that originated from diverse thermal environments. Acer rubrum L. (red maple) genotypes were subjected to short-term and long-term temperature alteration to investigate the photosynthetic response. We minimized the variation of within-crown light gradients by growing trees in open grown field conditions and controlled temperature on a crown section basis. Thus, we singled out the temperature acclimation affects on the photosynthetic temperature optimum. In response to temperature acclimation, the genotype from the northern United States downregulated both VCmax and Jmax and had a 5 and 3 °C lower temperature optimum than the genotype native to the southern United States. The activation energy increased and was higher for Jmax than for VCmax in both genotypes. With respect to respiration, both genotypes downregulated about 0.5 μmol·m-2·s-1. Although respiration was lower, the increased energy of activation in response to growth temperature resulted in a decrease in maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax) under saturating light and CO2. The results illustrate that the photosynthetic capacity adjusted in response to growth temperature but the temperature optimum was different among genotypes.

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Stomatal Control by Both Abscisic Acid in the Bulk Leaf Tissue and Leaf Environment: A Test of a Model of Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Environment Coupled with an Abscisic Acid-based Model

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.855b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 855B-855

Author(s):

William L. Bauerle* ◽

Joe E. Toler

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Multiplicative Model ◽

Soil Drying ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Red Maple

A multiplicative model of stomatal conductance was developed and tested in two functionally distinct ecotypes of Acer rubrum L. (red maple). The model overcomes the main limitation of the commonly used Ball-Berry model by accounting for stomatal behavior under soil drying conditions. It combined the Ball-Berry model with an integrated expression of abscisic acid-based control mechanisms (gfac). The factor gfac = exp(-β[ABA]L) incorporated the stomatal response to abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the bulk leaf tissue [ABA]L into the Ball-Berry model by down-regulating the slope and coupled physiological changes at the leaf level with those of the root. The stomatal conductance (gs) down regulation is pertinent in situations where soil drying may modify the delivery of chemical signals to leaf stomates. Model testing results indicated that the multiplicative model was capable of predicting stomatal conductance under wide ranges of soil and atmospheric conditions in a woody perennial. Concordance correlation coefficients (rc) were high (between 0.59 and 0.94) for the tested ecotypes under three different environmental conditions (aerial, distal, and minimal stress). The study supported the use of the gfac factor as a gas exchange function that controlled water stress effects on gs and aided in the prediction of gs responses.

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357 PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF SELECT RED MAPLE CULTIVARS TO LIGHT INTENSITY

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.482b ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 482b-482

Author(s):

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

William A. Dozier

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Photosynthetic Response ◽

Red Maple ◽

Active Radiation ◽

Use Efficiency

Net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cs), transpiration (Ts), and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined with a LICOR 6250 Portable Photosynthesis System for four cultivars of Acer rubrum L. under light intensities ranging from 300 to 1950 μmol·m-2·sec-1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). As PAR increased, there was a linear relationship for Pn, Cs, and Ts for the cultivars `Franksred' (Red Sunset TM) and `October Glory'. In contrast, the cultivars `Schlesingeri' and `Northwood' had quadratic relationships for Pn and Cs as PAR increased. Ts was quadratic for `Schlesingeri' and had a linear relationship for `Northwood.' WUE was quadratic for each of the four cultivars.

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