Cytogenetic Characterization and Nuclear DNA Content of Diploid and Tetraploid Forms of Stokes Aster

Stokesia laevis (J. Hill) Greene is a herbaceous perennial native to the southeastern United States. Most cultivars of Stokesia are diploid (2n = 2x = 14) except for ‘Omega Skyrocket’, a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) form selected from a natural population. A comparative study of the karyotypes and meiotic behavior of diploid cultivars, seed-derived accessions of ‘Omega Skyrocket’, synthetically derived autotetraploids, and triploid progeny from these taxa strongly suggest that ‘Omega Skyrocket’ is an autotetraploid form of Stokesia. Total karyotype length, 161 μm and 293 μm, and average chromosome length, 11.5 μm and 10.5 μm, of the diploid cultivars and tetraploid accessions of ‘Omega Skyrocket’, respectively, were determined. The karyotype of the diploid cultivars consisted of eight metacentric (m) and six submetacentric (sm) chromosomes with average arm ratio values ranging from 1.12 to 2.06. The karyotype of ‘Omega Skyrocket’ consisted of 23 m chromosomes and 5 sm chromosomes with average arm ratio values ranging from 1.22 to 2.02. Meiotic pairing in the diploids was normal. No meiotic irregularities such as laggards or bridges were observed and disjunction was balanced (7:7). Accessions of ‘Omega Skyrocket’ demonstrated a high frequency (60%) of quadrivalent formation; however, later stages of meiosis were regular with balanced disjunction (14:14) occurring in 95% of the cells. Meiotic configurations in synthetically derived autotetraploids and triploid hybrids from crosses of diploid cultivars × ‘Omega Skyrocket’ consisted of univalents, bivalents, trivalents, quadrivalents, and pentavalents. Abnormalities, including laggards, unequal and/or premature disjunction, chromosome bridges, and chromosome stickiness were observed. Average nuclear 2C DNA content was 20.3 pg for the diploid cultivars and 39.9 pg for the newly synthesized autotetraploids. Average nuclear 2C DNA content for ‘Omega Skyrocket’ was 37.3 pg, which was 8.2% less than twice the average 2C DNA content of the diploid accessions and 6.4% less than the newly synthesized autotetraploids, suggesting that genomic downsizing in ‘Omega Skyrocket’ has occurred. Similarity of the karyotypes of the diploids and ‘Omega Skyrocket’ and the slight reduction in nuclear DNA content suggest that ‘Omega Skyrocket’ has diverged little from its original diploid progenitor.

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Miscanthus: Inter- and Intraspecific Genome Size Variation Among M. × Giganteus, M. Sinensis, M. Sacchariflorus Accessions

Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s Botanica ◽

10.1515/abcsb-2015-0013 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 104-113

Author(s):

Sandra Cichorz ◽

Maria Gośka ◽

Monika Rewers

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Size Variation ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Interspecific Variation ◽

Genome Size Variation ◽

2C Dna Content ◽

Cytological Characteristics ◽

Stomatal Length

AbstractSinceM. sinensisAnderss.,M. sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Hack. andM. ×giganteusJ.M.Greef & Deuter ex Hodk. and Renvoize have considerably the highest potential for biomass production amongMiscanthusAnderss. species, there is an urgent need to broaden the knowledge about cytological characteristics required for their improvement. In this study our objectives were to assess the genome size variation among eighteenMiscanthusaccessions, as well as estimation of the monoploid genome size (2C and Cx) of theM. sinensiscultivars, which have not been analyzed yet. The characterization of threeMiscanthusspecies was performed with the use of flow cytometry and analysis of the stomatal length. The triploid (2n = 3x = 57)M. sinensis‘Goliath’ andM. ×giganteusclones possessed the highest 2C DNA content (8.34 pg and 7.43 pg, respectively). The intermediate 2C-values were found in the nuclei of the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sinensisaccessions (5.52–5.72 pg), whereas they were the lowest in the diploid (2n = 2x = 38)M. sacchariflorusecotypes (4.58–4.59 pg). The presented study revealed interspecific variation of nuclear DNA content (P<0.01) and therefore allowed for recognition of particular taxa, inter- and intraspecific hybrids and prediction of potential parental components. Moreover, intraspecific genome size variation (P<0.01) was observed inM. sinensiscultivars at 3.62%. The values of the stomatal size obtained for the triploidM. ×giganteus‘Great Britain’ (mean 30.70 μm) or ‘Canada’ (mean 29.67 μm) and diploidM. sinensis‘Graziella’ (mean 29.96 μm) did not differ significantly, therefore this parameter is not recommended for ploidy estimation.

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Karyotype characterization and nuclear DNA content measurement in Bromeliaceae: State of the art and future perspectives

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201420140224 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 1849-1862 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ANDREI C.P. NUNES ◽

WELLINGTON R. CLARINDO

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Basic Chromosome Number ◽

Basic Chromosome ◽

Content Measurement ◽

2C Dna Content

In Bromeliaceae, cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses have been performed to clarify systematic and evolutionary aspects. Karyotyping approaches have shown the relatively high chromosome number, similar morphology and small size of the chromosomes. These facts have prevented a correct chromosome counting and characterization. Authors have established a basic chromosome number of x = 25 for Bromeliaceae. Recently, one karyomorphological analysis revealed that x = 25 is no longer the basic chromosome number, whose genome may have a polyploid origin. Besides cytogenetic characterization, the 2C DNA content of bromeliads has been measured. Nuclear DNA content has varied from 2C = 0.60 to 2C = 3.34 picograms. Thus, in relation to most angiosperms, the 2C DNA content of Bromeliaceae species as well as their chromosome size can be considered relatively small. In spite of some advances, cytogenetic and flow cytometry data are extremely scarce in this group. In this context, this review reports the state of the art in karyotype characterization and nuclear DNA content measurement in Bromeliaceae, emphasizing the main problems and suggesting prospective solutions and ideas for future research.

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Cytogenetic characterization and nuclear DNA content of three North African endemic Centaurea species

Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology ◽

10.1080/11263504.2014.981234 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 150 (3) ◽

pp. 501-511

Author(s):

M. Benamara-Bellagha ◽

K. Baziz ◽

F. Pustahija ◽

N. Khalfallah ◽

S. Siljak-Yakovlev

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

North African ◽

Cytogenetic Characterization

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CONSIDERATION OF THE CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION ON THE BASIS OF NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT AND TOTAL CHROMOSOME LENGTH IN LYCORIS

The Japanese Journal of Genetics ◽

10.1266/jjg.54.387 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 387-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

KOZO NISHIKAWA ◽

YOSHIHIKO FURUTA ◽

HYOGO ENDO

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Evolution ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Length ◽

Total Chromosome Length

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Determination of DNA content and relative 2C genome sizes of some promising commercial varieties of sugarcane using flow cytometer

Current Botany ◽

10.19071/cb.2017.v8.3207 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

A. Mondal S.K. Ghosal ◽

T. Pal Kalyan Kumar De

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Cane Yield ◽

Sugarcane Varieties ◽

Yield Information ◽

A Genome ◽

2C Dna Content

In the present study, 2C DNA content and the genome sizes (in picograms-pg and megabase pairs-Mbp respectively) of 19 promising commercial varieties of sugarcane, the derivatives of man-made interspecific hybrids between cultivated and wild species were analyzed using flow cytometry. In this work, 2C nuclear DNA content was determined. Knowing the 2C nuclear DNA content, the unknown chromosome numbers of the varieties could be predicted. Large differences (65 % variation) in DNA content (2C) of 19 varieties were detected, ranging, from 3.80 pg to 10.96 pg, which corresponds to a genome size ranging from 3724.00 Mbp to 10740.80 Mbp due to the variation of ploidy level and are considered the most complex genomes among crop plants. However, the relationship between chromosome number and genome size was highly significant (P < 0.001). In the present study, internode diameter, Sugar juice content and cane yield/ha are also positively correlated with DNA content. The estimated genome sizes would also yield information critical for sugarcane breeding and genome sequencing programs. Keywords: Genome size, Sugarcane varieties, Flow cytometry, DNA content.

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Taxonomic remarks on the genus Sternbergia L. (Amaryllidaceae) in Turkey based on leaf anatomy, karyosystematic analysis and nuclear DNA content

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.265.3.4 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 265 (3) ◽

pp. 238 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MINE KOÇYIĞIT ◽

METIN TUNA

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Taxonomic Revision ◽

Chromosome Length ◽

Data Matrix ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Taxonomic Markers

Anatomy of leaf cross sections, karyological studies, and nuclear DNA content analysis by flow cytometry were carried out on the six Sternbergia species from Turkey: S. candida (endemic to the country), S. clusiana, S. colchiciflora, S. lutea, S. sicula and S. vernalis. In karyological analysis, number and morphology of the somatic chromosomes, the ploidy level and karyotype formula of the specimens used in the study were investigated in detail. The measurements of somatic chromosomes were calculated with formula of the relative variation in chromosome lenght (CVCL) and mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA). According to the results of this study, there are two different basic chromosome numbers. i.e. x = 10 (S. candida, S. clusiana, S. colchiciflora and S. vernalis) and x = 11 (S. lutea and S. sicula). Results of karyotype analysis corroborated results of previous studies. The smallest chromosome length was measured as 3.05 μm in S. clusiana while the longest length of 20.89 μm was observed in S. sicula. This is the first study reporting nuclear DNA content results for Sternbergia. Based on results of the nuclear DNA content analysis, there is a great variation within the genus in the interspecific level as 2C DNA content varies between 54.03 and 80.42 pg among the species investigated in the study. Anatomical features of the leaves were good taxonomic markers, especially concerning their palisade cells, ribs, cuticle, laticifer canals, vascular bundles, crystals, stomatal index, and stomata structure. Analytical drawings were presented. Six noteworthy leaf characters were quantified, organized in a data matrix, and analysed with UPGMA methods. In conclusion, cytological characteristics of the Sternbergia species together with their leaf features proved to be quite useful in identification and therefore can provide more clarity for taxonomic revision of the genus.

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Nuclear DNA content of commercially important Eucalyptus species and hybrids

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x94-142 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 1074-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

D. Grattapaglia ◽

H.D. Bradshaw Jr.

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Dna Content ◽

Positional Cloning ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

2C Dna Content ◽

Haploid Genome Size ◽

Commercially Important

This paper reports the nuclear DNA content estimates obtained by flow cytometry for a group of twelve Eucalyptus species and five fast-growing hybrids that includes those most widely planted throughout the world. Estimates of nuclear (2C) DNA content for the species surveyed ranged from 0.77 pg/2C for Eucalyptuscitriodora Hook. (subgenus Corymbia) to 1.47 pg/2C for Eucalyptussaligna Smith (subgenus Symphyomyrtus). This range corresponds to a haploid genome size range of 370–700 megabase pairs. The average physical equivalent of a 1 cM distance could be as low as 200 kilobase pairs in Eucalyptus, an attractive feature for positional cloning efforts in woody plants. The closer the species were in phylogenetic relationship the more similar were their nuclear DNA content values. All the interspecific hybrids surveyed displayed a nuclear DNA content in the expected intermediate range between the respective parental species, with the exception of one originating from Rio Claro, Brazil, whose exact parentage is unknown. No evidence of polyploidy was observed in any of the hybrids. The flow cytometry procedure employed in this study is an efficient method for investigating ploidy levels of high yielding hybrids of Eucalyptus.

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Chromosome and Ploidy Analysis of Winter Hardy Hibiscus Species by FISH and Flow Cytometry

10.21203/rs.3.rs-404917/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Deen Mohammad Deepo ◽

Islam MD Mazha ◽

Yoon-Jung Hwang ◽

Hong-Yul Kim ◽

Chang Kil Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Breeding ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

18S Rdna ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Cytogenetic Study ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

5S Rdna ◽

Rdna Loci ◽

2C Dna Content

Abstract Determination of nuclear DNA content, genome sizes, and ploidy level and, information on cytogenetic characteristics are all prerequisite of modern plant breeding. However, cytogenetic study of Hibiscus species is often hampered by the similarity in morphology and by the small size of mitotic chromosomes. The goal of the study was to ascertain the chromosome number, karyomorphology, distribution of 5S and 18S rDNA loci, chromosome length, and centromere positions as well as the ploidy level, genome sizes, 2C-DNA content of winter-hardy Hibiscus: H. syriacus ‘Saejamyung’, H. sinosyriacus ‘Seobong’, H. moscheutos ‘Luna Red’ and, H. paramutabilis. 5S rDNA and 18S rDNA loci were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). According to the FISH results, there are two 5S rDNA loci in H. syriacus, H. sinosyriacus, and H. moscheutos, and four 5S rDNA loci in H. paramutabilis. The range in length of somatic chromosomes in H. syriacus, H. sinosyriacus, H. moscheutos, and H. paramutabilis is 2.66- 7.06, 3.18-7.31, 2.91-5.23, and 4.75-7.60 µm, respectively. The 2C-DNA content of H. syriacus, H. sinosyriacus, and H. moscheutos are very similar, the amount was 4.06, 4.11, and, 2.06 pg, respectively whereas, H. paramutabilis has nearly double and the amount was 4.18 pg. These findings will contribute to the detailed cytogenetic assessment of Hibiscus and thus benefit plant breeding in this genus.

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Evolutionary DNA variation in Papaver

Genome ◽

10.1139/g91-118 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 763-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Sangeeta Srivastava ◽

U. C. Lavania

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Length ◽

Evolutionary Divergence ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Dna Amount ◽

Dna Variation ◽

Dna Systematics ◽

Dna Reduction

In 23 species of Papaver L., 2C nuclear DNA amounts range from 4.64 pg in Papaver persicum (2n = 14) to 22.43 pg in Papaver orientale (2n = 42), revealing a fivefold variation within the genus. However, such variation is limited to only twofold among the species that have the same chromosome number (2n = 14). The distribution of DNA is discontinuously spread over six groups in the genus. A strong positive correlation exists between nuclear DNA content and metaphase chromosome length. Viewed in the context of evolutionary divergence, it is revealed that DNA reduction has taken place in conjunction with speciation. This is achieved by equal reduction to each chromosome independent of chromosome size, as apparent from the estimated DNA values for individual chromosomes within the complements. The diminution in DNA amount with evolutionary specialisation appears to be a genomic strategy to dispense with the less important DNA associated with heterochromatic segments. The uniform distribution of such dispensible DNA throughout the complement is probably nucleotypically conducive to allow the genomic loss to be adaptationally operative, lest it affects the very survival of the evolving species.Key words: Papaver, evolution, DNA content, DNA systematics.

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