Effect of Cotton Gin Compost on Substrate Properties and Growth of Azalea under Differing Irrigation Regimes in a Greenhouse Setting

`Formosa' azalea (Rhododendron indicum) was grown for 4 months in 7.6-L (2 gal) containers in four substrate blends: 100% pine bark (PB) (by volume), 1 PB: 1 cotton gin compost (CGC), 3 PB: 1 CGC, and 3 PB: 1 peat (PT) at three irrigation levels [600, 1200, and 1800 mL·d-1 (20.3, 40.6, and 60.9 floz/d)] in a polyethylene-covered greenhouse. Plants were evaluated for growth on a biweekly basis using a growth index. Roots were evaluated visually at the end of the study using a 0 (no root growth) to 5 (root bound) scale. Initial physical properties were determined and leachates were collected every 30 days. There was no difference in percent increase in growth across irrigation and substrate treatments. Visual root rating was greatest (4.5) for azaleas grown in 3 PB: 1 PT and least (3.5) in 1 PB: 1 CGC. The two PB/CGC blends improved water-holding capacity (WHC) in comparison to 100% PB, with 1 PB: 1 CGC exhibiting the greatest WHC among all four substrates. Bulk density was greatest with the CGC-amended substrates. Leachate pH tended to increase and electrical conductivity (EC) tended to decrease with increasing irrigation volume. Leachates from the CGC-amended substrates were less acidic and EC tended to be similar or greater than leachates from the 100% PB and 3 PB: 1 PT substrates.

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Amending a Gravel Based Growing Medium with Calcined Clay Improves Physical Properties and Seedling Growth

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-26.3.49 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 49-156

Author(s):

Catherine A. Bohnert ◽

Christopher Starbuck ◽

Stephen Anderson

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Growth Medium ◽

Growing Season ◽

Water Holding Capacity ◽

Calcined Clay ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Plant Available Water ◽

Bare Root ◽

Water Holding

Abstract The Missouri Gravel Bed (MGB) is a system that uses pea gravel with 10% sand (v/v) as a root growth medium, allowing plants to be removed from the gravel and planted, bare root, during the growing season. However, the low water holding capacity of the medium necessitates frequent irrigation. This study was conducted to determine the effects of amending pea gravel with calcined clay (Terra-Green®) on the physical properties of the medium and on growth of Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch seedlings. Adding 10% sand (v/v) increased water holding capacity of the medium slightly at water tensions above 1 kPa. Gravel amended with 40% calcined clay had 16% air-filled porosity and had 3.5 times more plant available water than gravel with sand only. Dry weights of seedlings grown in gravel amended with 40% calcined clay and no sand were over twice as great as those of seedlings grown in the standard MGB medium.

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(45) Root Growth of Three Horticultural Crops Grown in Pine Bark-amended Cotton Gin Compost

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1054c ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1054C-1054

Author(s):

Brian E. Jackson ◽

Amy N. Wright ◽

Jeff L. Sibley

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Plant Production ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Horticultural Plant ◽

Recommended Guidelines ◽

Cotton Gin

In the southeastern United States, inconsistent pine bark (PB) supplies and overabundance of cotton gin by-products warrant investigation about the feasibility of replacing PB with cotton gin compost (CGC) for container horticultural plant production. Most research on the use of composted organic substrates for horticultural plant production has focused on shoot growth responses, so there is a need to document the effect of these substrates on root growth. In 2004, `Blitz' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), `Hot Country' lantana (Lantana camara `Hot Country'), and weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) were placed in Horhizotrons to evaluate root growth in 100% PB and three PB:CGC substrates containing, by volume, 60:40 PB:CGC, 40:60 PB:CGC, and 0:100 PB:CGC. Horhizotrons were placed in a greenhouse, and root growth in all substrates was measured for each cultivar. Physical properties (total porosity, water holding capacity, air space, and bulk density) and chemical properties (electrical conductivity and pH) were determined for all substrates. Physical properties of 100% PB were within recommended guidelines and were either within or above recommended ranges for all PB:CGC substrate blends. Chemical properties of all substrates were within or above recommended guidelines. Root growth of all species in substrates containing CGC was similar to or more enhanced than root growth in 100% PB.

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Root Growth of Three Horticultural Crops Grown in Pine Bark Amended Cotton Gin Compost

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-23.3.133 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 133-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brian E. Jackson ◽

Amy N. Wright ◽

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

Joseph M. Kemble

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Plant Production ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Horticultural Plant ◽

Recommended Guidelines ◽

Cotton Gin

Abstract In the southeastern United States, inconsistent pine bark (PB) supplies and overabundance of cotton gin by products warrant investigation about the feasibility of replacing PB with cotton gin compost (CGC) for container horticultural plant production. Most research on the use of composted organic substrates for horticultural plant production has focused on shoot growth responses, so there is a need to document the effect of these substrates on root growth. In 2004 ‘Blitz’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), ‘Hot Country’ lantana (Lantana camara Mill. ‘Hot Country’), and weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) were placed in Horhizotrons™ to evaluate root growth in 100% PB and three PB:CGC substrates containing by volume, 60:40 PB:CGC, 40:60 PB:CGC, and 0:100 PB:CGC. Horhizotrons™ were placed in a greenhouse, and root growth in all substrates was measured for each cultivar. Physical properties (total porosity, water holding capacity, air space, and bulk density) and chemical properties (electrical conductivity and pH) were determined for all substrates. Physical properties of 100% PB were within recommended guidelines and were either within or above recommended ranges for all PB:CGC substrate blends. Chemical properties of all substrates were within or above recommended guidelines. Root growth of all species in substrates containing CGC was similar to or more enhanced than root growth in 100% PB.

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Characterization of Biochars From Tropical Biomass

Khazanah ◽

10.20885/khazanah.vol12.iss2.art7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Warit Abi Nurazaq ◽

◽

Bambang Purwantana ◽

Radi Radi ◽

Andri Prima Nugroho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Water Holding Capacity ◽

Agricultural Residue ◽

Pyrolysis Method ◽

Water Holding

Tropical country has a large biomass provide from agricultural residue. The biomass has potential to be processed as biochar. In general, biochar can be utilized as soil amendment in order to increase the ability of soil to retain nutrients, reduce surface runoff, due to excess water, and adding biodiversity of soils that are very useful for plant growth. The biochar characteristics are strongly related to the feedstock types and also their pyrolysis method. This research aims to study the physical characteristics of tropical biochar and their potential suitability in soil improvement. The biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis method using a vertical bed kiln. The feedstock were 9 types of agricultural residue including: mango leaf, longan leaf, teak leaf, mango branch, longan branch, rubber branch, corncob, rice straw, and rice husk. Temperature of the pyrolisis process was in the range of 400 °C to 600 °C. The results indicated that the physical properties of feedstock affects the characteristics of biochar. The higher bulk density and fixed carbon value the greater yield of biochar. Compare to their raw materials, the average water content of biochar was reduced (0.2–3.85 %), while pH increased (7.06–9.9). The electrical conductivity in general also increased (0.11–2.9 ds.m-1 ). Bulk density changed, corncob, and branches materials decreased, while rice straw, rice husk and leaves materials increased. The water holding capacity was a fairly low number (4–20 %). Application of the utilized biochar as a soil amendment is to improve soil chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, and availability of N-P contents) and physical properties (bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity). Application for different soil types requires different biochar characteristics, it is influenced by the type of raw material used, temperature, and combustion time.

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ELECTRAFIL G-50/SS/5

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cp0013 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Fracture Toughness ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Steel Fibers ◽

Engineering Plastics ◽

Shielding Material

Abstract ELECTRAFIL G-50/SS/5 provides good electrical conductivity at a low loading of stainless steel fibers. It is useful as a shielding material and for current carrying parts. This datasheet provides information on physical properties, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. Filing Code: Cp-13. Producer or source: AKZO Engineering Plastics.

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COPPER ALLOY No. 120

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0263 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Residual Phosphorus ◽

Low Level

Abstract COPPER No. 120 is a phosphorus deoxidized copper in which the residual phosphorus is maintained at a low level to acheive a good electrical conductivity. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-263. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.

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COPPER ALLOY No. 314

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0357 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Lead Alloy ◽

Screw Machine ◽

Copper Zinc ◽

Machine Parts

Abstract Copper Alloy No. 314 is a copper-zinc-lead alloy with moderate strength and good ductility. It has good electrical conductivity, excellent machinability and a rich bronze color. Its uses include electrical connectors, screw-machine parts and builders' hardware. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-357. Producer or source: Brass mills.

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COPPER ALLOY No. 815

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0332 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Chromium Alloy ◽

High Electrical Conductivity ◽

Medium Hardness ◽

Hardened Condition

Abstract Copper Alloy No. 815 is an age-hardenable cast copper-chromium alloy. It is characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivities combined with medium hardness and strength in the age-hardened condition. It is used for components requiring high electrical conductivity or high thermal conductivity. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-332. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries.

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MILLER MHP 101

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0706 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 52 (8) ◽

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Cold Working ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Relaxation Resistance

Abstract Miller alloy MHP 101 has excellent cold working properties. The alloy is used for its combination of strength, relaxation resistance, electrical conductivity, and good formability. It is used as connectors and springs. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: CU-706. Producer or source: The Miller Company.

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WIELAND-M15

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0694 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 51 (12) ◽

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Zinc Alloy ◽

Bend Strength ◽

Red Color ◽

Copper Zinc

Abstract Wieland-M15 is copper-zinc alloy with good electrical conductivity and a red color useful in decorative applications. The alloy has also been called red brass, 85%, and CA 230. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: CU-694. Producer or source: Wieland Metals Inc., Wieland-Werke AG.

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