scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Changes during Fruit Growth and Maturation of Seven Melon Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Miccolis ◽  
Mikal E. Saltveit
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Santa Claus ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

External color, length, diameter, fresh weight, C02 production, internal C2HA concentration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), flesh color, and seed cavity diameter were measured during fruit growth and maturation of seven melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L., Inodorus Group, Naud. cv. `Amarelo', `Golden Beauty Casaba', `Honey Dew', `Honey Loupe', `Juan Canary', `Paceco', and `Santa Claus Casaba') of known age. There was no increase in C02 production either during ripening (e.g., loss of firmness and increased SSC) or with increasing C2H4 levels in fruit from any of the seven cultivars. There was a significant decline in respiration only at the second sampling date, which ranged from 14 to 18 days after anthesis. Respiration measured 1 week later was substantially higher and was followed by a general decline. This post 14- to 18-day rise in respiration was not a climacteric since it occurred well in advance of other ripening characteristics, e.g., loss of firmness, increase in SSC, or rise in internal C2H4. The increase in internal C2H4. coincided with or followed attainment of full fruit size, while flesh softening and the rapid rise in SSC preceded the rise in internal C2H4, concentration. Respiration declined from 67 to 18 ml CO2/kg per hour by day 43 in all cultivars, except `Honey Dew' and `Honey Loupe'. Respiration in `Honey Loupe' remained above 23 ml CO2/kg per hour and showed a rise to 32 ml/kg per hour on day 53. Respiration in `Honey Dew' did not fall below 18 ml CO2/kg per hour until day 53. As with internal C2H4 levels, there was no correlation between changes in and any marked change in the other signs of ripening that were measured.

scholarly journals 700 PB 312 EFFECT OF PRE-HARVEST CALCIUM APPLICATIONS ON FIRMNESS, DECAY, AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN STRAWBERRY FRUIT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 533c-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Makus ◽  
J. R. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Supplemental calcium supplied foliariy as Ca glutarate, soil incorporated as gypsum, fertigated as CaNO3, in 3-way combination, or none at all, had no effect on fruit firmness, as measured by shear, reduced fruit decay by as much as 23%. over controls (1986-1988), and generally improved fruit Ca levels only in the combination treatment of 904 kg/ha. Fruit raw product quality (pulp pH, acidity, soluble solids concentration, and Hunter color values) were not consistently affected, although there were significant interactions between cvs Fern and Cardinal, harvest dates, holding time, and years. Supplemental Ca reduced fruit size, but tended to increase yield. In 1988, individual fruits were partitioned into upper/lower, dermal/interior, and upper/lower seeds (6 parts), Ca was the third most abundant mineral nutrient in receptacle tissue, but most abundant in seeds. Highest Ca levels were found (descendingly) in the seed, dermal, and interior pulp tissue, Ca was higher in the upper (stem) end. Differences in fruit Ca levels between cvs were found in the seeds and not the receptacle. No clear relationship was observed between fruit firmness, decay, and Ca level.

scholarly journals Tree Fruit Reflective Film Improves Red Skin Coloration and Advances Maturity in Peach

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Zhengwang Jiang ◽  
James W. Rushing
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Replicated trials were conducted during the summers of 1998 and 1999 at commercial orchards in South Carolina to determine the influence of ground application of a metalized, high density polyethylene reflective film on fruit red skin color and maturity of peach (Prunus persica) cultivars that historically have poor red coloration. At each site there were two experimental treatments: 1) control and 2) reflective film (film). Film was applied 2 to 4 weeks before anticipated first harvest date by laying a 150-cm (5-ft) wide strip of plastic on either side of the tree row in the middles. Treatment areas at a given farm ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 ha (0.5 to 1.0 acre) in size and each treatment was replicated four times at each site. At harvest, two 50-fruit samples were picked from each plot per treatment. All fruit were sized and visually sorted for color (1 = 0% to 25%, 2 = 26% to 50%, 3 = 51% to 75%, and 4 = 76% to 100% red surface, respectively). A 10-fruit subsample was selected following color sorting and evaluated for firmness and soluble solids concentration (SSC). All cultivars tested (`CVN1', `Loring', `Bounty', `Summer Gold', `Sunprince', `Cresthaven' and `Encore') experienced significant increases in percent red surface when film was used in 1998 and 1999. This color improvement ranged from 16% to 44% (mean = 28%). On average, fruit from film were 4.2 N (0.9 lb force) softer and had 0.3% higher SSC than control fruit. Growers harvested more fruit earlier and in fewer harvests for film. Fruit size was not affected by film. Reflected solar radiation from film was not different in quality than incident sunlight. Film resulted in an increase in canopy air temperature and a reduction in canopy relative humidity during daylight hours.

scholarly journals The Effect of Timing of the Final Seasonal Nitrogen Fertigation on Early Fruit Maturity, Fruit Diameter, and Leaf Nitrogen on Navel Oranges

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Kallsen
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Fruit Diameter ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Previous research has shown that nitrogen fertilization rates may influence fruit quality characteristics of navel oranges [(Citrus sinensis) (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to determine, for equal seasonal N applications, if the timing of the last seasonal nitrogen fertigation promotes early fruit maturity or affects fruit size. The study consisted of four treatments with the total seasonal allocation of nitrogen fertilizer applied by ≈1 May, 1 June, 1 July, and 1 Aug. in an experimental site in a commercial orange grove in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. The source of nitrogen was a liquid calcium ammonium nitrate injected through the irrigation system. No significant treatment differences in soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, the ratio of soluble solids concentration to titratable acidity, percent juice, fruit color and fruit diameter were detected in fruit sampled in October. Similarly, in September, no significant differences in leaf nitrogen were found among treatments. These results do not support the hypothesis that applying the total seasonal application of nitrogen early in the season results in earlier orange maturity or larger fruit size, at least not for trees that have leaf N in the optimum range.

scholarly journals Irrigation Scheduling to Increase Muskmelon Fruit Biomass and Soluble Solids Concentration

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Long ◽  
Kerry B. Walsh ◽  
David J. Midmore ◽  
Gordon Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

A common practice for the irrigation management of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus group) is to restrict water supply to the plants from late fruit development and through the harvest period. However, this late fruit development period is critical for sugar accumulation and water stress at this stage is likely to limit the final fruit soluble solids concentration (SSC). Two field irrigation experiments were conducted to test the idea that maintaining muskmelon plants free of water stress through to the end of harvest will maximise sugar accumulation in the fruit. In both trials, water stress before or during harvest detrimentally affected fruit SSC and fresh weight (e.g., no stress fruit 11.2% SSC, weight 1180 g; stress fruit 8.8% SSC, weight 990 g). Maintaining plants free of water stress from flowering through to the end of harvest is recommended to maximise yield and fruit quality.

scholarly journals 578 The Influence of Reflective Film on Red Skin Color and Maturity of Peaches in South Carolina

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 496A-496
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Zhengwang Jiang ◽  
James W. Rushing
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Replicated trials were conducted in summers of 1998 and 1999 at several commercial orchards to determine the influence of a metalized, high-density polyethylene reflective film (SonocoRF, Sonoco Products Co., Hartsville, S.C.) on fruit red skin color and maturity of peach cultivars that historically have poor red coloration in South Carolina. At each site there were two experimental treatments: i) Control; and ii) Reflective Film (RF). RF was laid 2 to 4 weeks before anticipated first pick date by laying a 5-ft-wide strip of plastic on either side of the tree row in the middles. Treatment blocks at a given farm ranged from 0.5 to 1 acre in size and each treatment was replicated four times at each site. At harvest, two 50-fruit samples were picked from each block per treatment. All fruit were sized and visually sorted for color (1 = 0% to 25%, 2 = 26% to 50%, 3 = 51% to 75%, and 4 = 76% to 100% red surface, respectively). A 10-fruit subsample was selected following color sorting and evaluated for puncture pressure and soluble solids concentration (SSC). All cultivars tested (CVN1, Loring, Bounty, Summer Gold, Sun Prince, Cresthaven, and Encore) experienced significant increases in percent red surface when RF was used in 1998 and 1999. This color improvement ranged from 16 to 44% (mean = 28%). On average, fruits from RF were 0.8 lb softer and had 0.3% higher SSC than control fruits. Growers harvested more fruit earlier and in fewer picks for RF. Fruit size was not affected by RF. The influence of RF on orchard microclimate and quality and quantity of reflected light will be discussed.

scholarly journals Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Paul Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter-1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter-1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter-1. BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals Orchard Cooling with Pulsed Overtree Irrigation to Prevent Solar Injury and Improve Fruit Quality of `Jonagold' Apples

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 802-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
M. Meheriuk
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Surface ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Fruit Surface ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Pulsed application of overtree irrigation for evaporative cooling of `Jonagold' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) reduced visible solar injury by 15.8% (1991) and 9.4% (1992). Maximum fruit surface temperature was reduced by 8.1 °C on a day when the average surface mean of nonsprayed fruit rose to 45.6 °C. Air heated more slowly than the exposed fruit surface and was cooled only 1 to 2 °C by overtree irrigation. Cooling did not affect fruit size, firmness, or redness but reduced soluble solids concentration and increased titratable acidity. Storage breakdown was unaffected in the first year but was reduced by 6.0% in the second year.

scholarly journals Growth, Fruiting, Flowering, and Fruit Quality of Sweet Cherries Treated with Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Facteau ◽  
N.E. Chestnut
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Five-year-old `Napoleon' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees were treated with single-application basal drenches of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in an attempt to regulate growth and flowering. Increasing concentrations of PBZ at 0.05 to 0.30 g·cm-1 trunk diameter reduced terminal extension the year of treatment and for at least the following 3 years. Fruit count increased on wood grown before treatment but decreased as annual growth declined following treatment. Fruit/cm growth generally increased, whereas fruit per flower bud decreased as PBZ concentration increased. No differences were found in fruit size, soluble solids concentration (SSC; 13% to 14%), or firmness of cherries harvested at brine maturity. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyll-α- (l,l-dimethylethyl) -l-H-l,2,4-triazo1e-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol, PBZ).

scholarly journals Protective Rain Covers Influence the Rain-inducing Cracking and Quality of Sweet Cherries

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 845D-845
Author(s):  
John A. Cline ◽  
Tony D. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

For many years, researchers and growers have attempted to find methods to alleviate the rain-induced cracking of sweet cherries. Cracking is thought to be caused primarily by the osmotic uptake of rain water through the fruit skin. A 3-year study was conducted at East Malling to test the hypotheses that rain covers reduce, while irrigation increases, fruit cracking. Two types of rain shelters, with and without trickle irrigation, were compared against control treatments on 8-year-old `Merchant'/Colt trees. Covers reduced cracked fruit by up to 11% in 1991, 7% in 1992, and 25% in 1993 when natural cracking on uncovered trees was ≈20%, 25%, and 40%, respectively. Trickle irrigation was associated with a 6% increase in fruit cracking in all 3 years. Tree covers and irrigation also tended to increase fruit size and maturity. Fruits from beneath covers were lower in soluble solids concentration and were firmer in comparison with fruits from uncovered trees. This study indicates that tree covers, while affording some protection against rain-induced cracking, do not altogether prevent the problem. Furthermore, irrigation appears to aggravate cracking when used with tree covers. A mechanism for cracking under covers will be discussed in relation to rainfall, fruit transpiration, and tree water relations.

scholarly journals Flowering, Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality in Muskmelons under Saline Conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mendlinger ◽  
Michael Fossen
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

The muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars Topmark, Galia, No. 1, and BG-84-3 (BG) were examined in a field test for the influence of increased salt concentration (700, 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 ppm) on flower production, vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality. Increased salinity did not affect the number or timing of staminate and pistillate flowers produced. Increased salinity significantly and to the same extent reduced vegetative growth in the four cultivars. Increased salinity did not affect the number of fruit produced in the four cultivars but reduced mean fruit weight in three. Mean fruit weight and yield of `BG' were not reduced; i.e., `BG' was salt tolerant. Increased salinity increased the soluble solids concentration and slightly improved fruit appearance of all cultivars.

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