scholarly journals Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Paul Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter-1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter-1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter-1. BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals CPPU Influences Fruit Quality, Fruit Set, Return Bloom, and Preharvest Drop of Apples

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Curry ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Return Bloom

CPPU was applied to whole spur `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in central Washington at 0,6.25,12.5,25, or 50 mg·liter-1 at full bloom (FB) or FB plus 2 weeks. At both application times, the flesh firmness of treated fruit linearly increased with increasing concentration. CPPU applied at 0,5,10,15, or 20 mg·liter-1 to spur `Delicious' trees in Massachusetts at king bloom resulted in a linear increase in flesh firmness at harvest and following 28 weeks in air storage at 0C. CPPU did not affect the incidence of senescent breakdown, decay, or cork spot. Fruit length: diameter (L/D) ratios generally increased at all doses. Fruit weight was not influenced at either location. All CPPU concentrations reduced return bloom on `Delicious' apples in Massachusetts in 1989. Of the 10, 20, or 40 mg·liter-1 treatments for `Empire' apples, only CPPU at 40 mg·liter-1 reduced return bloom. CPPU applied to `Empire' apples in Massachusetts did not effect fruit set, soluble solids concentration, L/D, or firmness; however, fruit weight increased linearly with concentration. CPPU applied at 100 mg·liter-1 retarded preharvest fruit drop of `Early McIntosh' in Massachusetts for ≈7 days but was not as effective as NAA at 20 mg·liter-1. In a larger semicommercial trial, `Delicious' fruit treated with CPPU at 5,10, or 15 mg·liter-1 at FB, petal fall (PF), or PF plus 1 week, respectively, were harvested and graded over a commercial packing line. Malformities caused by CPPU at the highest doses reduced packout, although all CPPU application rates reduced the percent fruit culled due to poor color. CPPU increased packed fruit size, since the size of fruit (64 mm in diameter) in the >150-fruit/box size decreased, while the size of fruit (72 mm in diameter) in the 100- and 130-fruit/box sizes increased. Treated fruit stored for 7 months at 1C were firmer than nontreated controls. Chemical names used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N' -phenylurea (CPPU); 1 naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA).

scholarly journals Thidiazuron Effects on Fruit Set, Fruit Quality, and Return Bloom of Apples

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1238-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Thidiazuron (THI) applied at full bloom (FB) at 10 or 50 mg·liter–1 thinned `McIntosh' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) and reduced return bloom. The same concentrations applied at 22 days after FB (DAFB) thinned excessively and inhibited return bloom even more. THI at 1, 5, or 15 mg·liter–1 did not thin `Empire' at FB, but when applied 18 DAFB, these concentrations achieved thinning, with 5 mg·liter–1 reducing crop load to near ideal commercial levels. Return bloom of `Empire' was not influenced by THI at these concentrations. THI increased fruit weight, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration, and fruit asymmetry on `McIntosh' and `Empire' and reduced red pigmentation and seed count on `McIntosh', especially when applied 22 DAFB. A FB application of CPPU and THI, each at 5 or 10 mg·liter–1, on `Delicious' increased the fruit length: diameter (L: D) ratio and flesh firmness (at harvest and following 26 weeks of refrigerated storage and reduced return bloom). CPPU at either 5 or 10 mg·liter–1 increased the fruit L: D ratio more than 25 mg Promalin/liter. Chemical names used: N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron); N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine plus gibberellins A4+7 (Promalin).

scholarly journals Daminozide, Root Pruning, Trunk Scoring, and Trunk Ringing Effects on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of `McIntosh' Apple

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Storage Behavior

A midsummer foliar daminozide (DZ) application (750 mg a.i./liter) to `Macspur McIntosh'/M.7 apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) reduced preharvest drop and retarded flesh firmness loss and starch hydrolysis when tested at harvest; DZ also reduced fruit ethylene production at harvest and after 19 weeks of storage at 0.5C. Root pruning at full bloom (May) resulted in increased soluble solids concentration (SSC) and firmer flesh and less starch hydrolysis at harvest, but not consistently each year. Full-bloom root pruning reduced the incidence of stem-cavity browning and brown core, but again not each year. Full-bloom root pruning did not influence ethylene evolution at harvest but did reduce post-storage ethylene evolution in two of three seasons. Full-bloom root pruning generally was less effective than DZ in altering fruit behavior, while root pruning later than full bloom had virtually no effect. Trunk scoring or ringing increased SSC and retarded loss of flesh firmness before harvest and following storage, but had little effect on starch hydrolysis. Scoring or ringing decreased incidence of some disorders and reduced post-storage ethylene evolution, although these treatments had little effect on ethylene production at harvest. Trunk scoring influenced some fruit characteristics more strongly than DZ. Fruit size was not affected by any treatment in any year. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2 -dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

Effect of Polyolefin Film on the Quality of Kiwifruit with 1-MCP Treatment in Modified Atmosphere Packages

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 2769-2772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Hong Li ◽  
Cheng Jun Wang ◽  
Ai Li Wang ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Yao Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
And Control ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Kiwifruit is very perishable especially at 20 °C. The quality of kiwifruit with 1-MCP treatment stored at 20 °C in modified packages was investigated. Three different polyolefin films, including 0.03mm thickness polyethylene (PE), 0.03mm and 0.05mm thickness poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) films, were used as packaging films. Kiwifruit were fumigated with 1-MCP to delay ripeness and then packaged with the three films and control (air). O2 and CO2 concentrations in the packages, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid were measured. MAP treatments could postpone the increase of TTS, inhibit the reduction of TA, and avoid the decrease of flesh firmness. Kiwifruit packaged in 0.05mm PVC obtained 33% TA more than control fruit and approximate 25 % retention of initial firmness. However, MAP didn’t maintain more ascorbic acid content of kiwifruit. In conclusion, MAP using polyolefin films combination 1-MCP treatment, especially 0.05mm PVC, might be more effective for preserving the quality of kiwifruit.

scholarly journals 700 PB 312 EFFECT OF PRE-HARVEST CALCIUM APPLICATIONS ON FIRMNESS, DECAY, AND MINERAL DISTRIBUTION IN STRAWBERRY FRUIT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 533c-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Makus ◽  
J. R. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Supplemental calcium supplied foliariy as Ca glutarate, soil incorporated as gypsum, fertigated as CaNO3, in 3-way combination, or none at all, had no effect on fruit firmness, as measured by shear, reduced fruit decay by as much as 23%. over controls (1986-1988), and generally improved fruit Ca levels only in the combination treatment of 904 kg/ha. Fruit raw product quality (pulp pH, acidity, soluble solids concentration, and Hunter color values) were not consistently affected, although there were significant interactions between cvs Fern and Cardinal, harvest dates, holding time, and years. Supplemental Ca reduced fruit size, but tended to increase yield. In 1988, individual fruits were partitioned into upper/lower, dermal/interior, and upper/lower seeds (6 parts), Ca was the third most abundant mineral nutrient in receptacle tissue, but most abundant in seeds. Highest Ca levels were found (descendingly) in the seed, dermal, and interior pulp tissue, Ca was higher in the upper (stem) end. Differences in fruit Ca levels between cvs were found in the seeds and not the receptacle. No clear relationship was observed between fruit firmness, decay, and Ca level.

scholarly journals Tree Fruit Reflective Film Improves Red Skin Coloration and Advances Maturity in Peach

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Zhengwang Jiang ◽  
James W. Rushing
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Replicated trials were conducted during the summers of 1998 and 1999 at commercial orchards in South Carolina to determine the influence of ground application of a metalized, high density polyethylene reflective film on fruit red skin color and maturity of peach (Prunus persica) cultivars that historically have poor red coloration. At each site there were two experimental treatments: 1) control and 2) reflective film (film). Film was applied 2 to 4 weeks before anticipated first harvest date by laying a 150-cm (5-ft) wide strip of plastic on either side of the tree row in the middles. Treatment areas at a given farm ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 ha (0.5 to 1.0 acre) in size and each treatment was replicated four times at each site. At harvest, two 50-fruit samples were picked from each plot per treatment. All fruit were sized and visually sorted for color (1 = 0% to 25%, 2 = 26% to 50%, 3 = 51% to 75%, and 4 = 76% to 100% red surface, respectively). A 10-fruit subsample was selected following color sorting and evaluated for firmness and soluble solids concentration (SSC). All cultivars tested (`CVN1', `Loring', `Bounty', `Summer Gold', `Sunprince', `Cresthaven' and `Encore') experienced significant increases in percent red surface when film was used in 1998 and 1999. This color improvement ranged from 16% to 44% (mean = 28%). On average, fruit from film were 4.2 N (0.9 lb force) softer and had 0.3% higher SSC than control fruit. Growers harvested more fruit earlier and in fewer harvests for film. Fruit size was not affected by film. Reflected solar radiation from film was not different in quality than incident sunlight. Film resulted in an increase in canopy air temperature and a reduction in canopy relative humidity during daylight hours.

scholarly journals Morphological and Physiological Changes during Fruit Growth and Maturation of Seven Melon Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Miccolis ◽  
Mikal E. Saltveit
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Santa Claus ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

External color, length, diameter, fresh weight, C02 production, internal C2HA concentration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), flesh color, and seed cavity diameter were measured during fruit growth and maturation of seven melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L., Inodorus Group, Naud. cv. `Amarelo', `Golden Beauty Casaba', `Honey Dew', `Honey Loupe', `Juan Canary', `Paceco', and `Santa Claus Casaba') of known age. There was no increase in C02 production either during ripening (e.g., loss of firmness and increased SSC) or with increasing C2H4 levels in fruit from any of the seven cultivars. There was a significant decline in respiration only at the second sampling date, which ranged from 14 to 18 days after anthesis. Respiration measured 1 week later was substantially higher and was followed by a general decline. This post 14- to 18-day rise in respiration was not a climacteric since it occurred well in advance of other ripening characteristics, e.g., loss of firmness, increase in SSC, or rise in internal C2H4. The increase in internal C2H4. coincided with or followed attainment of full fruit size, while flesh softening and the rapid rise in SSC preceded the rise in internal C2H4, concentration. Respiration declined from 67 to 18 ml CO2/kg per hour by day 43 in all cultivars, except `Honey Dew' and `Honey Loupe'. Respiration in `Honey Loupe' remained above 23 ml CO2/kg per hour and showed a rise to 32 ml/kg per hour on day 53. Respiration in `Honey Dew' did not fall below 18 ml CO2/kg per hour until day 53. As with internal C2H4 levels, there was no correlation between changes in and any marked change in the other signs of ripening that were measured.

scholarly journals The Effect of Timing of the Final Seasonal Nitrogen Fertigation on Early Fruit Maturity, Fruit Diameter, and Leaf Nitrogen on Navel Oranges

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Kallsen
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Fruit Diameter ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Previous research has shown that nitrogen fertilization rates may influence fruit quality characteristics of navel oranges [(Citrus sinensis) (L.) Osbeck]. The objective of this study was to determine, for equal seasonal N applications, if the timing of the last seasonal nitrogen fertigation promotes early fruit maturity or affects fruit size. The study consisted of four treatments with the total seasonal allocation of nitrogen fertilizer applied by ≈1 May, 1 June, 1 July, and 1 Aug. in an experimental site in a commercial orange grove in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. The source of nitrogen was a liquid calcium ammonium nitrate injected through the irrigation system. No significant treatment differences in soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, the ratio of soluble solids concentration to titratable acidity, percent juice, fruit color and fruit diameter were detected in fruit sampled in October. Similarly, in September, no significant differences in leaf nitrogen were found among treatments. These results do not support the hypothesis that applying the total seasonal application of nitrogen early in the season results in earlier orange maturity or larger fruit size, at least not for trees that have leaf N in the optimum range.

Juice Attributes of Ontario-Grown Culinary (Dessert) Apples for Cider

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cline ◽  
Derek Plotkowski ◽  
Amanda Beneff
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Assimilable Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Continued interest in the commercial production of cider in Ontario has revealed there is a lack of information available to apple producers and cidermakers on the juice attributes of culinary dessert apple for making cider and how they may vary from orchard to orchard. A two-year study was conducted to characterize the juice characteristics of 18 common culinary dessert apple cultivars grown at several locations in Ontario. Juice was assayed for soluble solids concentration, pH, titratable acidity (TA), juice extraction efficiency, yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), polyphenols and soluble solids-to-TA ratio. Significant differences among cultivars were observed for all parameters, which varied by orchard and year, except juice extraction efficiency. These data underly the importance of assaying juice every growing season prior to fermentation. Cidermakers should focus on juice characteristics from culinary apples that are more difficult to alter (with amendments), and use juice with lower pH, higher TA and polyphenols, and moderate to higher YAN to optimize cider quality and flavour. Overall, this study will inform cidermakers of which culinary apple cultivars might be preferable for fermentation as well as how they might be blended to optimize cider quality. Notwithstanding annual and orchard variation, cultivars that meet these criteria include Cortland, Crimson Crisp, Honeycrisp, Jonagold, McIntosh and Northern Spy. If making cider from Ambrosia, Crispin, Empire, Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious or Idared, cidermakers should expect to blend the juice from these cultivars to create a more fully balanced juice prior to fermentation.

scholarly journals 578 The Influence of Reflective Film on Red Skin Color and Maturity of Peaches in South Carolina

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 496A-496
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Zhengwang Jiang ◽  
James W. Rushing
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Replicated trials were conducted in summers of 1998 and 1999 at several commercial orchards to determine the influence of a metalized, high-density polyethylene reflective film (SonocoRF, Sonoco Products Co., Hartsville, S.C.) on fruit red skin color and maturity of peach cultivars that historically have poor red coloration in South Carolina. At each site there were two experimental treatments: i) Control; and ii) Reflective Film (RF). RF was laid 2 to 4 weeks before anticipated first pick date by laying a 5-ft-wide strip of plastic on either side of the tree row in the middles. Treatment blocks at a given farm ranged from 0.5 to 1 acre in size and each treatment was replicated four times at each site. At harvest, two 50-fruit samples were picked from each block per treatment. All fruit were sized and visually sorted for color (1 = 0% to 25%, 2 = 26% to 50%, 3 = 51% to 75%, and 4 = 76% to 100% red surface, respectively). A 10-fruit subsample was selected following color sorting and evaluated for puncture pressure and soluble solids concentration (SSC). All cultivars tested (CVN1, Loring, Bounty, Summer Gold, Sun Prince, Cresthaven, and Encore) experienced significant increases in percent red surface when RF was used in 1998 and 1999. This color improvement ranged from 16 to 44% (mean = 28%). On average, fruits from RF were 0.8 lb softer and had 0.3% higher SSC than control fruits. Growers harvested more fruit earlier and in fewer picks for RF. Fruit size was not affected by RF. The influence of RF on orchard microclimate and quality and quantity of reflected light will be discussed.

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