Cultivar, Planting Density, and Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Growth and Fruiting of Tissue-cultured Apple Trees

Tissue-culture (TC)-propagated `Gala' and Triple Red `Delicious' apple trees grown at three planting densities were not treated (CON) or treated with plant growth regulators (PGRs) starting the third or fourth season to control tree size and maximize fruiting. `Gala' and `Delicious' trees budded on M.7a rootstock (BUD) were also included as controls. `Gala' trees were larger than `Delicious' after the first three growing seasons but `Delicious' were larger than `Gala' at the end of 9 years. BUD trees were larger than CON trees the first few seasons hut final trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of CON trees averaged 43% greater than BUD trees. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments more readily controlled the growth of `Gala' than `Delicious' and uniconazole was more effective than paclobutrazol in controlling tree size. Daminozide + ethephon sprays (D+E-S) did not influence tree size. Tree size of both cultivars was inversely related to planting density and both triazole PGRs were more effective in controlling tree size as planting density increased. The trees had fewer flowers as planting density increased and BUD trees generally had more Bowers than CON. Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of `Gala' trees but tended to stimulate flowering of young `Delicious' TC trees, although the increases were not sustained. The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of `Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment and consistently increased flowering of `Delicious' TC trees. Fruit yields were higher for young `Gala' compared to `Delicious' trees and the final cumulative yield per tree for `Gala' was also greater. Yield per tree decreased as tree density increased and was the same for BUD and CON trees. D+E-S increased cumulative per tree yield of `Delicious' but not of `Gala'. Cumulative yields per tree for triazole-treated TC trees were the same as, or significantly lower than, CON trees. Increasing tree density did not increase yield/ha. Yield efficiency of `Gala' trees was increased by three, and of `Delicious' trees by one, of the triazole treatments, because they reduced TCSA proportionally more than they reduced per tree yield. There was less bienniality with `Gala' than `Delicious' and no difference between BUD and CON trees. Bienniality indices were higher for paclobutrazol-treated `Gala' trees compared with CON `Gala' but only uniconazole applied as a trunk paint increased the bienniality index of `Delicious' trees. Chemical names used: succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-01 (paclobutrazol), (E)-(l-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(I,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).

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EFFECT OF VIRUS INFECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF McINTOSH APPLE TREES ON SELECTED SEEDLING AND CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps84-051 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 361-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. WARNER ◽

H. B. HEENEY ◽

S. J. LEUTY ◽

C. L. POTTER

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Tree Size ◽

Apple Cultivar ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Virus Inoculation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Red Color ◽

Chlorotic Leaf ◽

Stem Pitting

A field experiment conducted over 12 yr showed virus inoculation with Spy decline, chlorotic leaf spot, stem pitting, rubbery wood and apple stem grooving viruses generally reduced tree size and yield of two strains of the McIntosh apple cultivar. Virus-inoculated trees flowered and fruited slightly ahead of uninoculated trees. Trees on Ottawa Hybrid (OH)-1, OH-5, Ottawa (0)-5, 0-7, 0-11 and Malus robusta Rehd. 5 rootstocks were the most sensitive to virus infection, while trees on OH-3, OH-4, OH-6 and O-3 were relatively tolerant to virus infection. Virus infection did not reduce yield efficiency (kilograms of fruit per unit of trunk cross sectional area). Fruit from trees inoculated with virus was generally smaller in size but had more red color than fruit from uninoculated trees.Key words: Malus domestica, Ottawa rootstocks, yield, tree size, fruit quality, virus sensitivity

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YIELD EFFICIENCY IN PROGENY TRIALS WITH COCOA

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479706003577 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 289-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

JOE THAU-YIN PANG

Keyword(s):

Papua New Guinea ◽

General Combining Ability ◽

Planting Density ◽

Peruvian Amazon ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Additive Inheritance ◽

Breeding Selection ◽

Selection For ◽

Current Stage

Yield efficiency of cocoa, defined as yield over a period of time divided by the increment in trunk cross-sectional area over that period, was estimated in four factorial matings in Sabah, Malaysia, evaluated at a single planting density. The parents were 18 seedlings of Upper Amazon Forastero type, broadly representative of Peruvian Amazon material, and 15 clones of Trinitario type, selected from cultivated cocoa in Ecuador, Trinidad and Papua New Guinea. Both the Upper Amazon and Trinitario parents varied in general combining ability (gca) for yield efficiency, with strong evidence of additive inheritance of the trait. Some of the Upper Amazon parents showed higher yield efficiency than many of the Trinitarios. Correlations between gcas for yield efficiency and yield were inconsistent. This is thought to be because the parents differed markedly in optimal planting density, which is higher for many of the Upper Amazons with high gca for yield efficiency than it is for some of the Trinitarios. At the current stage of cocoa breeding, selection for adaptation to planting density is a higher priority than selection for yield efficiency.

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GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.637f ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 637f-637

Author(s):

Fenton E. Larsen ◽

Stewart S. Higgins

Keyword(s):

Malus Domestica ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Tree Size ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Malus Domestica Borkh ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Westerly Winds ◽

Golden Delicious

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.

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RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1169c ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 1169c-1169

Author(s):

Curt R. Rom ◽

Renae E. Moran

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Mature Trees ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

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Early Performance of `McIntosh' Apple Trees on Several Semidwarf Rootstocks in the 1999 NC-140 Rootstock Trial

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.799d ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 799D-800

Author(s):

Wesley Autio* ◽

John Cline ◽

Robert Crassweller ◽

Charles Embree ◽

Elena Garcia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Limited Data ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Research Project ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Malus Sylvestris ◽

Root Suckering ◽

Early Performance

`McIntosh' apple trees [Malus ×sylvestris (L.) Mill. Var domestica (Borkh.)] on five semidwarfing rootstocks (CG.4814, CG.7707, G.30N, M.7 EMLA, and Supporter 4) were planted at 10 locations (MA, MI MN NS 2 in NY ON PA VT and WI) under the direction of the NC-140 Multistate Research Project. After four growing seasons (through 2002), trees on CG.7707, G.30N, Supporter 4, and M.7 EMLA were significantly larger than those on CG.4814. Cumulative root suckering was most from trees on M.7 EMLA, and least from trees on CG.7707, G.30N, and Supporter 4. Yield per tree in 2002 and cumulatively was greatest from trees on G.30N and least from trees on CG.7707 and M.7 EMLA. In 2002 and cumulatively, CG.4814 resulted in the greatest yield efficiency, and M.7 EMLA resulted in the lowest. In 2002, fruit from trees on M.7 EMLA were largest, and those from trees on CG.4814 were smallest. On average, M.7 EMLA resulted in the largest fruit, and G.30N resulted in the smallest. Limited data will be presented on CG.6210, CG.8, G.30T, and M.26 EMLA, which are planted only at some locations. Data for the fifth season (2003) will be presented.

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The influence of rootstocks on the growth, yield and fruit quality of the plum cultivar Cacanska rana

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1902165m ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 165-174

Author(s):

Dragan Milatovic ◽

Mirjana Radovic ◽

Gordan Zec ◽

Djordje Boskov

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Planting Density ◽

Total Acid ◽

Danube Basin ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency

The paper examines the influence of three clonal rootstocks ('Pixy', 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A') along with seedlings of Myrobalan (control) on the growth, yield and fruit quality of the plum cultivar 'Cacanska Rana'. Research was conducted in the area of the Belgrade Danube basin for the six-year period (2013-2018). In comparison to control, all three clonal rootstocks have shown a significant effect on the decrease of vigor expressed as a trunk cross-sectional area. The lowest vigor was found in trees on the 'Pixy' rootstock, then on 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A' rootstocks. Regarding the rootstocks 'Fereley' and 'St. Julien A', significantly higher fruit set and yields were achieved in comparison to control. Clonal rootstocks induced an increase in the yield per hectare ranging from 72% to 93% compared to Myrobalan. The highest yield efficiency was found in the trees on the 'Fereley' rootstock, followed by the yields observed in the trees on the 'Pixy' and 'St. Julien A' rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit weight compared to control was obtained in the trees on the 'Fereley' rootstock. Rootstocks did not show any significant effect on the soluble solids and total acid contents of the fruit. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that all three clonal rootstocks showed better results than Myrobalan, and can be recommended for establishing intensive plum plantations with higher planting density. The best results in terms of yield and fruit quality were obtained with the 'Fereley' rootstock.

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Growth and yield of sweet cherry trees on different roostocks

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/5/3-4/55 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3-4) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Hrotkó ◽

L. Magyar ◽

G. Simon

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Tree Size ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Biennial Bearing ◽

Similar Tendency

The first nine years' results of sweet cherry rootstock trial from Hungary are presented with the aim to select efficient rootstocks for the local ecological conditions. The trials were established in 1989 with 'Van' and 'Germersdorfi óriás' cultivars on the following rootstocks: mahaleb Sainte Lucie 64, Colt, MxM 14, MxM 97. All the trees were headed at 80 cm and trained to a modified Brunner-spindle system. Tree size and yield was measured every year, and the cumulative yield efficiency was calculated. Based upon the results, mahaleb cherry SL 64 is a vigorous rootstock with good compatibility and productivity. In comparison to SL 64. the trunk cross-sectional area and canopy spread of the 'Van' trees decreased by 10-15% on rootstock Colt, while the trees of 'Germersdorfi orias' on Colt roostock grew even larger than on SL 64. Considerable 30-40 % reduction of tree size was achieved on trees grafted on M x M hybrids. Trees of `Germersdorfi óriás' showed a similar tendency without significant differences. The cumulative yield efficiency of `Van' trees after nine years was highest on rootstock MxM 14, followed by Sainte Lucie 64. Trees on Colt and MxM 97 rootstocks showed low productivity. `Germersdorfi óriás' produced the highest cumulative yield efficiency on SL 64, followed by MxM 14 and Colt and last MxM 97. Biennial bearing index of heavy cropping 'Van' trees was smaller than that of `Germersdorfi óriás'. The trees of 'Van' on MxM 97 showed higher biennial bearing index, while 'Germersdorfi orias' on different rootstocks showed similar tendency, but without significant differences. MxM 14 and MxM 97 rootstocks reduced the crotch angle of the shoots on both sweet cherry varieties which is disadvantegous to spindle training. Slight suckering (1-3/year) of the rootstocks Colt, MxM 14 and MxM 97 were observed during the first few years.

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PALMETTE-LEADER (PL) AND CENTRAL-LEADER (CL) TREE-FORM EFFECTS ON LIGHT DISTRIBUTION, PRODUCTIVITY AND FRUIT QUALITY OF `McINTOSH' APPLE TREES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1122b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1122b-1122

Author(s):

D.C. Elfving ◽

I. Schechter ◽

R.A. Cline ◽

W.F. Pierce

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Fruit Color ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tree Form ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Color Development ◽

Light Levels

Mature `Macspur McIntosh'/MM.106 trees trained to the CL tree form were converted to the PL tree form in 1987 by removal of east- and west-oriented upper scaffold limbs. Control trees were pruned to maintain the CL form. Dormant pruning in later years maintained either tree form. No summer pruning was used in this study. Canopy light levels along horizontal transects at one m above the soil and vertical transects, both through the center of the canopy, were unaffected by tree form or transect direction. Yields were significantly lower for PL trees in 1987 and 1989, while yield efficiency was reduced in PL trees in all 3 years. Fruit size, trunk cross-sectional area, and foliar macro-nutrient content were unaffected by tree form during this study. Fruit color development in both the upper and lower halves of the canopy was uninfluenced by tree form.

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Response of ‘Honeycrisp®’ Apple Trees to Combinations of Pre-plant Fumigation, Deep Ripping, and Hog Manure Compost Incorporation in a Soil with Replant Disease

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1702 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 1702-1707 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

P. Gordon Braun ◽

Keith D. Fuller ◽

Kenneth McRae ◽

Sherry A.E. Fillmore

Keyword(s):

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Apple Replant Disease ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Manure Compost ◽

Replant Disease ◽

Hog Manure ◽

Contrast Analysis

This study evaluated the effects of pre-plant treatments: deep ripping (DR), fumigation (F), deep ripping plus fumigation (DRF), deep ripping plus hog manure compost (DRC), and deep ripping plus fumigation plus hog manure compost (DRFC) in comparison with a non-treated control (NTC) on shoot and root performance of ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees on M.4 rootstocks in an old orchard site with apple replant disease (ARD). Cylindrocarpon spp., Pythium spp., and Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, all potential agents of ARD, were present in the orchard soil. Fine-root numbers (1 to 2.9 mm diameter) were significantly greater in the DRC and DRFC treatments than the DR treatment. After 6 years, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and yield were largest for the DRFC treatment followed closely by F. The DR treatment had no effect on TCSA, yield, or yield efficiency when applied alone compared with the NTC. Contrast analysis demonstrated that F was significantly better than non-F for yield in all years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Also, there was a significant interaction between DR and F treatment in 2005 that significantly reduced yield in the DRF treatment. Contrast analysis showed that compost had a significant positive effect on yield in all three production years and TCSA and yield efficiency in 2007. Yield efficiency in the third production year was largest for F, DRC, and the DRFC treatments. Nutrient analysis revealed that soil phosphorus concentrations in compost-treated plots were double those in other treatments. High phosphorus content of compost may have contributed to the amelioration of ARD symptoms. This study found that in 2007, soil fumigation alone, as conventionally used for ARD control, and composted hog manure were equally effective in increasing yield and yield efficiency of apple trees planted in an ARD soil. The DRFC treatment was the overall best treatment in all years.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCKS ON THE GROWTH, LONGEVITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.6.623 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 623H-623

Author(s):

George M. Greene ◽

Alvan G. Gaus

Keyword(s):

Production Efficiency ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Tree Size ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Main Experiment ◽

Lower Efficiency ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

P 16

The influence of rootstocks on the growth and productivity of `Starkspur Supreme Pagnelli Delicious' was determined in an NC-140 experiment started in 1984. The planting was supplemental to the main experiment and it contained Ottawa (Ott) 3, M.20, and Arnold Lynd (AL) 800, but did not contain Budagovsky (Bud) 490, Bud 9, Antonovka 313, or C6. Trees that apparently would not stand were given support. Data on tree size and yield were collected every year. As expected, many characteristics were strongly influenced by rootstock. Yield efficiency calculated as the total fruit weight per square cm of trunk cross-sectional area was used as a measure of production efficiency. In 1989, efficient producers of fruit (all in decreasing order) were Poland (P) 2, EMLA.26, P 16, and Michigan Apple Clone (MAC) 39. Intermediate in productivity were M.20, Cornell-Geneva (CG) 10, Pl, and AL 800. A lower efficiency group of rootstocks were EMLA.7, Ott 3, MAC 1, Seedling, M.4, P 18, and CG 24. `Golden Delicious' and `McIntosh' on EMLA.26, used as pollinizers, were ranked second and third in yield efficiency.

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