Who Owns the Fish in the Sea?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Rahn Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Thunnus Thynnus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Spain

From the fourteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, the ducal house of Medina Sidonia held exclusive rights to fish for Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in south-western Spain. Framed by recent theories about the privatization of access to natural resources, this essay explores the history of successive royal grants to the house of Medina Sidonia. It then examines statistical evidence for the tuna catch over the long term, especially in the late sixteenth century, when the annual catch reached a peak and then suddenly declined. The ducal house may have contributed to that decline by overfishing. During the long term, however, ducal control may unintentionally have aided in the conservation of tuna stocks in times of population pressure, both by not fully exploiting their exclusive rights to fish, and by preventing all others from doing so.

Wanted: A Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Edmund Burke
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Third World ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Third World

There is something seriously flawed about models of social change that posit the dominant role of in-built civilizational motors. While “the rise of the West” makes great ideology, it is poor history. Like Jared Diamond, I believe that we need to situate the fate of nations in a long-term ecohistorical context. Unlike Diamond, I believe that the ways (and the sequences) in which things happened mattered deeply to what came next. The Mediterranean is a particularly useful case in this light. No longer a center of progress after the sixteenth century, the decline of the Mediterranean is usually ascribed to its inherent cultural deficiencies. While the specific cultural infirmity varies with the historian (amoral familism, patron/clientalism, and religion are some of the favorites) its civilizationalist presuppositions are clear. In this respect the search for “what went wrong” typifies national histories across the region and prefigures the fate of the Third World.

FROM LONG-TERM PATTERNS OF SEASONAL HUNGER TO CHANGING EXPERIENCES OF EVERYDAY POVERTY: NORTHEASTERN GHANA C. 1930–2000

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÉRÔME DESTOMBES
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
West African ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Way

This article is a West African case-study of the nutritional history of everyday poverty. It draws on unusually rich statistical evidence collected in northeastern Ghana. In the 1930s, pioneer colonial surveys revealed that seasonal poor diet was pervasive, by contrast with undernourishment. They pave the way for constructing a new set of anthropometric data in Nangodi, a savanna polity where John Hunter completed a classic study of seasonal hunger in the 1960s. A re-survey of the same sections and lineages c. 2000, during a full agricultural cycle, shows a significant improvement in nutritional statuses, notably for women.

Increase in growth rates of southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) over four decades: 1960 to 2000

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Polacheck ◽  
J Paige Eveson ◽  
Geoff M Laslett
Keyword(s):  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Southern Bluefin Tuna ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Length Frequency Data

Estimates of long-term temporal trends and variability in growth are often not available for many commercially exploited fish stocks. An integrated estimation framework that combines growth information from tagging studies, direct age estimates from hard parts, and modal progression estimates from length–frequency data is applied to data on southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) collected over four decades, from 1960 to 2000. By using an integrated approach, a comprehensive set of growth estimates can be obtained for each of these four decades even though substantive deficiencies exist in the coverage of the historical data from any single source. The results confirm previous findings that cohorts from the 1980s grew substantially faster at young ages than cohorts from the 1960s. The results also suggest that the 1970s was a period of transition and that growth of fish up to about age 4 was faster in the 1990s than in the 1980s. The changes in SBT growth over these four decades are consistent with density-dependent responses given the history of exploitation and stock assessment estimates of changes in population size.

scholarly journals REINVENTING THE COUNTER-REFORMATION IN MARIAN ENGLAND, 1553–1558

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
FREDERICK E. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
History Of

Abstract Over the last thirty years, historians have made several important contributions to our understanding of the short but dramatic restoration of Catholicism in 1550s England. United by a shared rejection of the hitherto dominant interpretation of Mary I's reign as a retrograde and unfortunate interlude in the history of the English Reformation, so-called ‘revisionists’ have convincingly argued that Mary in fact presided over a remarkably dynamic and innovative revival of Catholicism. Whilst this scholarship has been extremely valuable in tackling the teleological assumption that Marian Catholicism was predestined to fail, this review suggests that the revisionist programme continues to be preoccupied by somewhat ill-conceived and unhelpful questions about how ‘successful’ Mary's church was in providing for a Catholic future. Such questions demonstrate just how far the historiography of Marian religion continues to operate within a framework still subtly shaped by sixteenth-century, confessionally charged polemic. This review suggests that, rather than debates about ‘successes’ or ‘failures’, we need to start working outwards from the valuable findings of revisionists regarding the dynamism of Marian religion, exploring their broader implications for how we understand the long-term development of Catholicism in England, as well as the Marian church's place within European Christendom more broadly.

scholarly journals Consequences of variations in carrying capacity or migration for the perception of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) population dynamics

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 827-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Fromentin ◽  
Laurence T Kell
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Bluefin Tuna ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Thunnus Thynnus ◽  
Commercial Catch ◽  
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna

Spectacular long-term cycles (around 110 years), independent of human exploitation, have been seen in historical catches of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). Previous studies indicated that such variations could have been generated by contrasting but equally plausible dynamic processes, i.e., changes in carrying capacity or migration. A simulation framework was therefore used to test whether the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna stock assessment model, i.e., a virtual population analysis (VPA), can capture such dynamics. The main outcome is that knowledge of the underlying process is crucial, because distinct hypotheses lead to different population dynamics and contrasting performances of the stock assessment model. The VPA is indeed able to reconstruct accurately the historical stock parameters under the carrying-capacity hypothesis, but not under the migratory hypothesis, for which there is often strong bias (up to 500%) in absolute values and in trends of spawning stock biomass and F. Furthermore, it was shown that (i) different phases between exploitation and long-term cycle can induce contrasting terminal F for a same effort and (ii) that there was considerable confounding between the dynamics and increasing effort (as currently seen). We conclude that it is difficult to infer the actual dynamics on the basis of commercial catch data and that novel fishery-independent observation is needed.

Harvesting Natural Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
Emily W. B. Russell Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact

People have always had to rely on hunting and gathering for food, fuel and shelter. The first evidence for possible major impact of these activities is the early Holocene extinction of most megafauna on all continents except Africa. Multidisciplinary historical research indicates that both climate and human impact interacted to cause these extinctions. This chapter also discusses historical records which have elucidated some of the long-term impacts of harvesting fish and other creatures of seas and estuaries on aspects such as population numbers, age structure, and species diversity of these organisms. On land, hunting has continued to affect many species. Agriculture, rather than decreasing the use of natural resources, has altered land use and increased demand so that the impact on natural resources has increased worldwide. Industrialization further accelerated this trend. Even those sites removed from active use by inclusion in preserves continue to change, in part because of a complex history of use before they were preserved. Understanding this history can help set appropriate goals for preservation as well as indications of management that may assist in evaluating changes.

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