Valuation Risk, Control and the Public Financing of Entrepreneurial Firms

This chapter explores racial realism in the advertising and entertainment industries (movies, TV, and professional sports). These cases are distinctive because they are almost totally focused on racial signaling—the image of the worker is very much the product that the employers are selling. Racial signaling is thus common in all of them, though rarer in sports than the other sectors, especially in the last few decades. Hence, the chapter shows that civil rights law does not authorize these practices. It also examines the possibility that television shows' dependence on use of federally regulated airwaves, and sports teams' dependence on the public financing of stadiums might provide legal openings for racial realism in these sectors. Since this employment sector is about expression, this chapter also explores possible First Amendment defenses for these employers, and shows that at least one court has found a constitutionally protected freedom to discriminate.

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Seeds of Cynicism: The Struggle over Campaign Finance, 1956–1974

Journal of Policy History ◽

10.1353/jph.2002.0006 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 73-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Julian E. Zelizer

Keyword(s):

American History ◽

Presidential Elections ◽

Campaign Finance ◽

Body Politic ◽

The Body ◽

Public Financing ◽

The Public ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Disclosure Laws ◽

Private Financing

“It is a cesspool, it is a source of infection for the body politic,” Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-Minn.) warned his fellow senators in 1973 about the private financing of elections. “[I]f it doesn't stop, there are going to be good men in this hall right here today who are going down the drain, not that you are guilty, not that you have done anything wrong, but that the public is disenchanted with all of us, and they are going to want somebody new and say I want a fresh one here.” From 1971 through President Nixon's resignation in 1974, Congress enacted the boldest campaign finance reforms in American history, including strong disclosure laws, public financing for presidential elections, contribution and spending limits, and an independent enforcement commission. Despite these reforms, after only a decade under the new laws, citizens still felt that campaign finance was corrupt.

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Public goods and the public financing of major European seaports

Maritime Policy & Management ◽

10.1080/0308883042000304890 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 375-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Alfred J. Baird *

Keyword(s):

Public Goods ◽

Public Financing ◽

The Public

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The Public Choice of Public Stadium Financing: Evidence from San Diego Referenda

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies7010022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Candon Johnson ◽

Joshua Hall

Keyword(s):

Public Choice ◽

Voter Turnout ◽

San Diego ◽

Local Economic Development ◽

Public Financing ◽

The Public ◽

Ballot Measures ◽

Local Politicians ◽

Sport Facilities ◽

To Receive

Local politicians and team owners frequently argue that the public financing of stadiums is important for local economic development. The sports economics literature, however, has largely found that new professional sport facilities do not generate any new net economic activity. We provide context to this literature by exploring the public choice in the public financing of stadiums. In 2016, San Diego had two ballot measures related to the San Diego Chargers. Measure C would allow officials to raise hotel taxes to pay for a new downtown stadium for the Chargers. Measure D would also raise hotel taxes, but explicitly prevented any money being spent on the Chargers. Both measures failed to receive 50% of the votes cast. We find that zip codes with a higher voter turnout were more likely to vote against both measures, highlighting the importance of the timing of referenda in limiting the ability of clearly defined groups, such as Chargers fans, to have a large influence on the voting outcome. Meanwhile, areas with more Trump voters were more likely to support higher taxes for the purpose of building the Chargers a new stadium.

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Report from the Field: Public History at Howard University

The Public Historian ◽

10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.93 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 93-100

Author(s):

Elizabeth Clark-Lewis

Keyword(s):

Public History ◽

Social Economic ◽

Entrepreneurial Firms ◽

Publicly Funded ◽

Specialized Knowledge ◽

Community Based ◽

The Public ◽

Howard University ◽

Community Based Programs ◽

Private Corporations

At Howard University, the public history program uses new empirical methodologies and pedagogies to engage students and nonacademic audiences. This article outlines the specialized knowledge, perspectives, approaches, practices, issues, and critical concerns of this program. It illustrates how focused, innovative research opportunities simultaneously move students beyond the boundaries of academic theories, publicly funded agencies, private corporations, or entrepreneurial firms while helping them remain sensitive to community-based programs, projects, institutions, and constituencies. Public history is congruent with service, a core value of Howard University, and it strengthens the university's ability to reach beyond the confines of academe; define, shape, and immerse students in challenging new historical syntheses; and inclusively document social, economic, political, and cultural histories that might otherwise go untold.

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