Challenging the Use of the US Special 301 Procedures against Developing Country Access to Medicines Policies - Indian Pharmaceutical Patents and the WTO

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
The Us ◽  
Special 301

DOES TRUST PROMOTE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY?

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (05) ◽  
pp. 1385-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
KITAE SOHN ◽  
ILLOONG KWON
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Trust was found to promote entrepreneurship in the US. We investigated whether this was true in a developing country, Indonesia. We failed to replicate this; this failure was true whether trust was estimated at the individual or community level or whether ordinary least squares (OLS) or two stage least squares (2SLS) was employed. We reconciled the difference between our results and those for the US by arguing that the weak enforcement of property rights in developing countries and the consequent hold-up problem make it more efficient for entrepreneurs to produce generic goods than relationship-specific goods—producing generic goods does not depend on trust.

Pharmaceutical patenting and the transformation of American medical ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH M. GABRIEL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Medical Association ◽  
Medical Association ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
American Medical ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Us

AbstractThe attitudes of physicians and drug manufacturers in the US toward patenting pharmaceuticals changed dramatically from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. Formerly, physicians and reputable manufacturers argued that pharmaceutical patents prioritized profit over the advancement of medical science. Reputable manufactures refused to patent their goods and most physicians shunned patented products. However, moving into the early twentieth century, physicians and drug manufacturers grew increasingly comfortable with the idea of pharmaceutical patents. In 1912, for example, the American Medical Association dropped the prohibition on physicians holding medical patents. Shifts in wider patenting cultures therefore transformed the ethical sensibilities of physicians.

scholarly journals Cost comparison of gynecologic procedures between the US and a developing country: An observational study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassel Abouzeid ◽  
Georges Elhasbany ◽  
Jawad Abouzeid ◽  
souheil Hallit ◽  
Karl Jallad
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals The TRIPS Article 31 Tug of War Developing Country Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents and Developed Country Retaliation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Volman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

My dissertation examines compulsory licensing under Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement by looking at the use of such licensing by developing countries, as well as retaliatory and restrictive measures imposed by developed countries. In doing so, it looks at the right to health, and price and intellectual property considerations for access to medicines in developing countries. It further explores the TRIPS compulsory licensing rules themselves to present compulsory licensing as a legitimate, and at times necessary, policy measure under international law. Then, it examines how compulsory licensing has been used and restricted since TRIPS, and how the compulsory licence relates to voluntary licensing and international free trade agreements, both of which are factors for the development of compulsory licensing strategies in developing countries.

Trade negotiations and developing countries Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA. Cambridge, Cambridge Edited by John S. Odell Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. xi, 298 Behind the Scenes at the WTO: The Real World of International Trade Negotiations By Fatoumata Jawara and Aileen Kwa London New York, Bangkok: Zed Books in association with Focus on the Global South, updated edition, 2004, pp. lxxxv, 329

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
J. MICHAEL FINGER
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Real World ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Association With Focus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Working Out

The WTO, we hope, is an institution that mutes the importance of raw power – provides a system for working out problems among countries in which the interests of smaller countries are not always overwhelmed by those of larger. The two books reviewed both address this issue, but in different ways. The Odell volume (a collection of studies by different analysts) reviews a number of WTO events in which developed and developing country interests were at odds; e.g., the ‘bananas dispute’ involving Ecuador, the US, and the European Communities. The studies in that volume document the skill of developing country negotiators to use the system to their advantage; they demonstrate that the WTO process often came to outcomes more favorable to smaller countries than a simple weighing of relative power would imply.

3rd Colombian educational workshop on regulatory assessment of biosimilars 2019 – Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-144
Author(s):  
John-Joseph Borg ◽  
Yolanda Elias Gramajo ◽  
Andrea Laslop ◽  
Robin Thorpe ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
The Us ◽  
Regulatory Assessment ◽  
Educational Workshop

Introduction: Biosimilars have the potential to improve access to medicines for many across the globe. However, work is required to ensure adequate regulation, pharmacovigilance and education about biosimilars. Colombia implemented biosimilars regulation in 2017 and a 3rd Colombian Educational Workshop was organized by GaBI and the Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos (INVIMA) in 2019 to follow up on progress and provide a forum for further discussion. Methods: The 3rd Colombian Educational Workshop on Regulatory Assessment was held in Bogotá, Colombia on 30 April 2019. The format included expert speaker presentations, a panel discussion, Q&A sessions and case study workgroup discussions. Participants included regulators, clinicians, pharmacists, academics and healthcare professionals from Colombia who are involved in biological/ biosimilar medicines evaluation, and expert speakers from Canada, Europe and the US. Results: Presentations and topics of discussion included the current status of biosimilars regulation in Colombia, how to carry out a quality assessment of a biological/biosimilar, pharmacological and clinical studies, and extrapolation of indications. Conclusion: The meeting helped to clarify many regulatory concepts and concerns, and highlighted Colombia’s initial successes since the implementation of its regulatory guidelines. In addition, the meeting acted as a forum to exchange knowledge on best practice, and to discuss pharmacovigilance and the future plans for education regarding biosimilars in Colombia. Several key action points were concluded following the discussions.

Objectified Body Consciousness in a Developing Country: A Comparison of Mothers and Daughters in the US and Nepal

Sex Roles ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Crawford ◽  
I-Ching Lee ◽  
Galina Portnoy ◽  
Alka Gurung ◽  
Deepti Khati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Body Consciousness ◽  
Mothers And Daughters ◽  
Objectified Body Consciousness ◽  
The Us

The impacts of TRIPS on the pharmaceutical regulation and pricing of drugs in Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monirul Azam
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Legal Studies

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the impacts of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) as adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the pharmaceutical regulation and pricing of drugs in Bangladesh. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Bangladesh could adjust obligations for patent and pharmaceutical law reforms in the context of TRIPS Agreement while maintaining societal goals to ensure access to medicines. Another prime objective of this study is to examine viability of arguments regarding pharmaceutical patents for affordability and accessibility of pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This paper used doctrinal research and case study using surveys and interviews in Bangladesh to understand the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding TRIPS and possible impacts on the local pharmaceutical industry and also consequences as to access to pharmaceuticals in terms of pricing, availability and affordability. Findings This study suggests that in the case of Bangladesh, the main health bottleneck is not patents or any drugs, but the lack of proper healthcare service, health infrastructure and lack of efficient healthcare personnel. Again, most of the necessary drugs for the local market are off patent, but patented drugs, issues of price, availability and affordability could become a concern for Bangladesh in situation of multi-drug resistance and for diseases like HIV AIDS, cancer and cardio-vascular problems. Research limitations/implications This study was based on randomly selected interview and surveys. To get a broader picture of the impacts of TRIPS compliant patent law and pharmaceutical patents in a country like Bangladesh, more in-depth socio-legal studies need to be conducted. Due to shortage of time and resources, it was not possible to conduct broader socio-legal studies; therefore, this study may not reflect views of all related stakeholders. Practical/implications This paper will guide how countries like Bangladesh could adopt intellectual property policies for pharmaceuticals in a way not only adjusting societal goals for accessibility and affordability of pharmaceuticals but also promoting innovation and capability of local industries. Social/implications Countries like Bangladesh should adopt intellectual property policies balancing not only investment and innovation side but also societal goals to ensure access to medicines for the vast majority of poor populations. Originality/value This study is an original study based on primary sources as collected during field studies in Bangladesh. It also used doctrinal research, and related materials are duly referred.

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