Gay Glass Ceilings: Sexual Orientation and Workplace Authority in the UK

This article is a theoretical analysis aimed at articulating the harm caused by media (mis)representation, and at showing existing ways in which this harm can be contested. The approaches analysed are largely from the United Kingdom. However, the issues they raise are not unique and the models explored are potentially transferable. The examples cover a range of media, including British right-wing press, television and Facebook; and characteristics protected by equality legislation in the UK such as sex, sexual orientation, race, religion and mental health stigma. Crucially, all the initiatives presented demonstrate the group-based nature of media (mis)representations, which cannot be understood and, therefore, cannot be addressed through individualistic approaches. Therefore, the article concludes that the role of groups as the targets of media (mis)representation and as potential claimants should be fully acknowledged and enabled.

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Men who have sex with men who do not access sexual health clinics nor disclose sexual orientation are unlikely to receive the HPV vaccine in the UK

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (33) ◽

pp. 5065-5070 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tom Nadarzynski ◽

Helen Smith ◽

Daniel Richardson ◽

Stephen Bremner ◽

Carrie Llewellyn

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Sexual Health ◽

Hpv Vaccine ◽

Health Clinics ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Sexual Health Clinics ◽

The Uk ◽

To Receive

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4. Discrimination in Employment

Smith & Wood's Employment Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780198793243.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Smith ◽

Aaron Baker ◽

Owen Warnock

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Employment Discrimination ◽

Orientation Discrimination ◽

Religious Discrimination ◽

Sexual Orientation Discrimination ◽

Indirect Discrimination ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Discrimination In Employment ◽

History Of ◽

The Uk

This chapter discusses anti-discrimination law in the UK in the employment sphere. After providing a brief history of the development of UK discrimination law, it introduces the Equality Act 2010, explaining the forms of discrimination it covers and how it works. Key concepts of equality law are then discussed, such as direct and indirect discrimination and unique mechanisms for proving a discrimination claim. After outlining the remedies available in discrimination actions, the chapter then explores issues specific to discrete grounds of discrimination. This analysis tackles sex-discriminatory dress codes, the problem of what counts as an ‘ethnicity’, and the apparent clash between protections against sexual orientation discrimination and religious discrimination. Finally, the specialized approaches to disability and age discrimination under the Equality Act are explained, rounding out a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of UK employment discrimination law.

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Is Sexual-Orientation Discrimination a Form of Sex Discrimination?

Liverpool Law Review ◽

10.1007/s10991-020-09257-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 357-386

Author(s):

Daniel J. Hill

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Sex Discrimination ◽

Orientation Discrimination ◽

Oxford University ◽

Sexual Orientation Discrimination ◽

Direct Discrimination ◽

State Of Mind ◽

Uk Supreme Court ◽

The Uk

Abstract In Bostock v Clayton County (2020) Gorsuch J holds that direct discrimination because of sexual orientation is a form of direct discrimination because of sex. I argue that the same is true under the Equality Act 2010. I consider the arguments of (Finnis, in: Finnis (ed) Intention and identity: collected essays, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011) and (Gardner in Oxf J Leg Stud 18(1):167–187, 1998) that “because of”, “on grounds of”, and similar phrases in UK discrimination legislation invoke the state of mind of the discriminator. I apply this point to Bull and Bull v Hall and Preddy [2013] arguing that (i) the UK Supreme Court was wrong to find direct discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, while, (ii), nevertheless, under the Equality Act 2010, that case and similar cases actually involve direct discrimination because of sex, not because of sexual orientation. I conclude by considering some objections, precedents, and implications.

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Transmuting Gender Binaries: The Theoretical Challenge

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.1514 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 90-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Surya Monro

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Diversity ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

New Wave ◽

Transgender Studies ◽

Poststructuralist Theory ◽

And Gender ◽

The Uk ◽

Empirical Material

This paper provides a cross-cultural account of gender diversity which explores the territory that is opened up when sex, gender, and sexual orientation, binaries are disrupted or displaced. Whilst many people who identify as trans or intersex see themselves as male or female, others identify in ways which destabilize sex/gender and sexual orientation binaries. The paper provides a typology of ways in which sex/gender diversity can be conceptualized, and draws out the implications for theorizing gender. It discusses the contributions made by the new wave of authors working in the field of transgender studies; authors who draw on and inform the sociology of sex and gender, feminisms, and poststructuralist theory. It based on empirical material from research carried out in India and the UK.

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Should the Equality Act 2010 Be Extended to Prohibit Appearance Discrimination?

Political Studies ◽

10.1177/0032321720966480 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003232172096648

Author(s):

Andrew Mason ◽

Francesca Minerva

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Civil Partnership ◽

Indirect Discrimination ◽

Gender Reassignment ◽

The Uk ◽

In Virtue Of

The UK Equality Act 2010 prohibits direct and indirect discrimination with respect to nine characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. We argue that the best way of understanding the Act is to see it as protecting those who are vulnerable to systematic disadvantage, partly in virtue of being at risk of experiencing discrimination that violates what we call the meritocratic principle. If this is a key principle underpinning the Act, then there is a compelling case for extending the legislation to include the protection of at least one further characteristic, namely, appearance. We consider but reject various difficulties that might be raised with extending the Act in this way, including the objection that those vulnerable to forms of appearance discrimination that violate the meritocratic principle could be adequately protected by treating them as disabled.

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Discrimination and delusional ideation

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.182.1.71 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 182 (1) ◽

pp. 71-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 172

Author(s):

I. Janssen ◽

M. Hanssen ◽

M. Bak ◽

R. V. Bijl ◽

R. De Graaf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

General Population ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Perceived Discrimination ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Minority Populations ◽

Delusional Ideation ◽

History Of ◽

The Uk

BackgroundIn the UK and The Netherlands, people with high rates of psychosis are chronically exposed to discrimination.AimsTo test whether perceived discrimination is associated longitudinally with onset of psychosis.MethodA 3-year prospective study of cohorts with no history of psychosis and differential rates of reported discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, appearance, skin colour or ethnicity and sexual orientation was conducted in the Dutch general population (n=4076). The main outcome was onset of psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations).ResultsThe rate of delusional ideation was 0.5% (n=19) in those who did not report discrimination, 0.9% (n=4) in those who reported discrimination in one domain, and 2.7% (n=3) in those who reported discrimination in more than one domain (exact P=0.027). This association remained after adjustment for possible confounders. No association was found between baseline discrimination and onset of hallucinatory experiences.ConclusionsPerceived discrimination may induce delusional ideation and thus contribute to the high observed rates of psychotic disorder in exposed minority populations.

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LGBT discrimination, harassment and violence in Germany, Portugal and the UK: A quantitative comparative approach

Current Sociology ◽

10.1177/00113921211039271 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001139212110392

Author(s):

Sait Bayrakdar ◽

Andrew King

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Socioeconomic Resources ◽

Trans People ◽

And Bisexual ◽

And Gender ◽

The Uk ◽

Differential Categories ◽

Cross National

This article examines the incidents of discrimination, harassment and violence experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) individuals in Germany, Portugal and the UK. Using a large cross-national survey and adopting an intra-categorical intersectional approach, it documents how the likelihood of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence changes within LGBT communities across three national contexts. Moreover, it explores how individual characteristics are associated with the likelihood of experiencing such incidents. The results show that trans people are more at risk compared to cisgender gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals to experience discrimination, harassment and violence. However, other factors, such as socioeconomic resources, also affect the likelihood of individuals experiencing such incidents. The three countries in our study show some nuanced differences in likelihood levels of experiencing discrimination, harassment and violence with regard to differential categories of sexual orientation and gender identity.

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Entrepreneurship and the Gay Minority

The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation ◽

10.5367/000000007782433196 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 271-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Laura Galloway

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Economic Advantage ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Minority Status ◽

Minority Sexual Orientation ◽

The Uk ◽

Status Disclosure

This paper provides a review and rationale concerning the importance of researching entrepreneurship amongst those of minority sexual orientation. Based on emerging theories about, and evidence of, entrepreneurship as a heterogeneous phenomenon, the paper explores the potential contribution that studies of minority entrepreneurship can make to the understanding of diversity, as opposed to universality, amongst entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. In the absence of research on gay entrepreneurship specifically, especially in the UK, the author explores reasons for the silence amongst researchers, including some of the main challenges, namely: variable degrees of minority-status disclosure; a corresponding lack of data about the size of the minority; definition issues; and the potential avoidance of the minority by ‘objective’ scholars. A summary of reasons why entrepreneurship might be an attractive prospect for gay people is provided. The paper also argues that research amongst gay entrepreneurs may prove to be valuable in terms of its potential to contribute to economic advantage both for the minority and for the greater society, and ultimately to increase understanding within the entrepreneurship discipline generally.

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