scholarly journals A Comparison of Parametric Models of Income Distribution Across Countries and Over Time

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripsy Bandourian ◽  
James B. McDonald ◽  
Robert S. Turley
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Over Time

Toward a Post-Sraffian Theory of Income Distribution

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Roncaglia
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Distribution Theory ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Sraffian Theory ◽  
Over Time

After recalling the Sraffian critiques to marginalist distribution theory, and hence the need for a different approach, the paper illustrates the classical conceptualization of social classes and its flexibility for the application to the modern world. The relationships among market forms-above all oligopoly, mark-up pricing, and income distribution-are then discussed, in search of a theoretical framework for the analysis of the evolution of distributive variables over time: an approach suggested as superior to the traditional one which aims at determining equilibrium values for the distributive variables at a moment in time.

scholarly journals The Inequality We Want: How Much Is Too Much?

2015 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Krozer
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Measurement Of Inequality ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Income Concentration

A key aspect defining the contemporary income distribution is the (increasing) share the top holds compared to the rest. This paper shows that income concentration increases towards the very top of the distribution, while the shares the middle- and upper–middle-income groups hold remain stable across countries and over time. Traditional indicators less sensitive to changes at the extremes of the distribution might obscure inequality's actual dimension, and thereby help perpetuate it. To avoid this, the present paper discusses a complementary indicator for the measurement of inequality: The ratio of the income share of the top 5% over that of the bottom 40%. The indicator is denominated Palma v.2, in reference to the recently suggested "Palma ratio" dividing the income share of the top 10% income earners by those at the bottom 40%.

scholarly journals Income Distribution in Keynesian Growth Models and Financing of Development Plans

1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Amit Bhaduri
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
Public Enterprises ◽  
Public Distribution System ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Financial Arrangements ◽  
Over Time

In the usual format of Keynesian growth models investment governs saving: higher investment causes more profits either through greater capacity utilization (normal 'multiplier') or through rising price. (‘Profit inflation,) which, in turn, generates the matching level of savings. The present paper argues that such methods of financial higher investment plans are neither socially desirable nor even sustainable over time In an underdeveloped mixed economy. Consequently, alternative institutional and financial arrangements, where. crucial role Is assigned to a public distribution system of essential goods and profits of public enterprises, becomes imperative.

scholarly journals Trends in survival based on treatment modality in patients with pancreatic cancer: a population-based study

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shakeel ◽  
C. Finley ◽  
G. Akhtar-Danesh ◽  
H. Y. Seow ◽  
N. Akhtar-Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Treatment Modality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Analysis Survival ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Over Time

Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal types of cancer and surgery remains the most optimal treatment modality for patients with resectable tumors. The objective of this study is to examine and compare the trends in survival rate among PC patients based on treatment modality.Methods This population-based retrospective analysis included all patients with known stage for PC in Ontario, Canada between 2007 and 2015. Flexible parametric models were used to conduct survival analysis. Survival rates were calculated based on treatment modality, while adjusting for patient and tumor specific covariates.Results In total, 6437 patients were included in this study. More than half of the patients aged 80 and over received no curative treatment. The proportion of patients receiving chemoradiation decreased over time. The 1-, 2- and 5-year survival rates increased 30-40% for stage I disease and less than 15% for stage II over the study period. Noticeable increases in 1-, 2, and 5-year survival rates were observed for patients underwent for distal pancreatectomy and Whipple procedures. There were no changes in survival for stage III and IV disease from 2007 to 2015.Conclusions A majority of cases for PC continue to be diagnosed in late stage, with poor short-term and long-term prognosis. The survival for stage I tumors and surgical modalities increased over time without any evidence of changes in stage distribution. We speculate that improvements in chemotherapy modalities and adoption of quality standards for surgical resection could be attributed for the positive trends in survival.

Something New, Something Old: Parametric Models for the Size of Distribution of Income

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Bordley ◽  
James B. McDonald ◽  
Anand Mantrala
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Lognormal Distributions ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Generalized Beta Distribution ◽  
Over Time

Two new probability density functions (generalized beta and quadratic elasticity) are considered as models for the size distribution of income. The generalized beta distribution nests the generalized beta of the first and second kind, generalized gamma, lognormal and Pareto as well as introducing a number of new distributions to the literature. The quadratic elasticity distribution provides another generalization of the gamma distribution. The beta, gamma and lognormal distributions have been widely used in the income distribution literature. These distributions and many of their special cases are fit into five sets of US family income data for 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. This permits a comparison of the relative fit of several distributions over time.

scholarly journals Environmental Reliance Traps and Pathways – Theory and Analysis of Empirical Data From Rural Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Zena Walelign ◽  
Xi Jiao ◽  
Carsten Smith-Hall
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Cash Income ◽  
Over Time

Existing theoretical and empirical work on poverty traps does not in detail investigate interactions between environmental reliance and socioeconomic factors over time. A string of studies has documented that environmental products provide rural households with both subsistence and cash income and that high environmental reliance is often associated with poverty. These studies are snapshots and do not allow an understanding of environmental reliance dynamics – are households trapped at high levels of environmental reliance, what factors enable movement from high to low reliance, and how are such movements associated with total household income? Here we develop and present a theory of environmental reliance traps that allows analysis and explanation of changes in household-level environmental reliance over time. We propose operational parametric and non-parametric models for empirical investigation of the theory and employ these using an environmentally augmented three-wave panel household income and asset dataset (n = 427, pooled n = 1212) from Nepal. We found no evidence of an environmental reliance trap in the study population, meaning that all households converged on a single long-term environmental reliance equilibrium point. Households with high environmental reliance moving down toward the equilibrium (n = 358) have low income and asset endowments; while households with low environmental reliance moving up toward the equilibrium (n = 854) are better off, in terms of both income and assets. The approach identified the poorer households that make a living from harvesting substantial amounts of environmental products The probability of being a high-downward moving household is negatively associated with the size of landholding, market access, and female headship, and positively associated with the household head being born in the village and belonging to the most common caste. We argue that the identification of environmental reliance pathways can simultaneously inform interventions aimed at environmental conservation and poverty reduction.

scholarly journals La persistencia de la segregación residencial socioeconómica en Argentina / The Persistence of Socio-Economic Residential Segregation in Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Fernando Groisman
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Over Time

Este documento se refiere a uno de los aspectos de la dinámica de la segregación residencial socioeconómica: su persistencia en el tiempo. Se analiza el tema en el contexto de la recuperación económica que experimentó Argentina luego de la crisis de 2001. Durante este periodo la pobreza y la desocupación disminuyeron notablemente, y aminoró la desigualdad de la distribución del ingreso en los primeros años para luego mantenerse estable. Mediante la confección de cohortes ficticias se procedió a evaluar si quienes se encontraban en entornos expuestos a mayor privación socioeconómica mejoraron su situación en términos relativos durante esos años. Los resultados sugieren que el patrón de segregación residencial socioeconómica no se modificó. Ello obliga a avanzar hacia la formulación de una agenda de políticas públicas que tome en cuenta explícitamente tales aspectos del bienestar de la población. AbstractThis document explores one of the aspects of the dynamics of socio-economic regional segregation: its persistence over time. The topic is analyzed in the context of the economic recovery undergone by Argentina after the 2001 crisis. This period saw a sharp drop in poverty and unemployment, while there was a decrease in income distribution inequality improved in the early years before leveling off. Fictitious cohorts are used to assess whether those in environments exposed to higher levels of socio-economic deprival improved their situation in relative terms during this period. The results obtained suggest that the pattern of socio-economic residential segregation was not modified. This forces one to advance towards the discussion of a public policy agenda that will specifically take into account these aspects of the population’s welfare.

scholarly journals Age-Specific Rates of Onset of Cannabis Use in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio López-Méndez ◽  
Angélica Ospina-Escobar ◽  
Rowan Iskandar ◽  
Fernando Alarid-Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cannabis Consumption ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundOver the previous two decades, the prevalence of cannabis use has risen among the population in Mexico.AimsTo estimate the sex- and age-specific rates of onset of cannabis use over time.DesignTime-to-event flexible parametric models with spline specifications of the hazard function. Stratified analysis by sex, and control for temporal trends by year of data collection or decennial birth-cohort.SettingMexico.ParticipantsPooled sample of 141,342 respondents aged between 12 and 65 years from five nationally representative cross-sectional surveys, the Mexican National Surveys of Addictions (1998, 2002, 2008, 2012) and the Mexican National Survey on Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption (2016).MeasurementsWe estimated age-specific rates of onset of cannabis as the conditional rate of consuming cannabis for the first time at a specific age.FindingsAge-specific rates of onset of cannabis use per 1,000 individuals increased over time for both females and males. Peak rates per 1,000 ranged from 0.935 (95%CI= [0.754,1.140]) in 1998, to 5.390 (95%CI= [4.910,5.960]) in 2016 for females; and from 7.510 (95%CI= [5.516, 10.355]) in 1998, to 26.100 (95%CI= [23.162,30.169]) in 2016 for males. Across decennial birth-cohorts, peak rates of onset of cannabis use per 1,000 individuals for females ranged from 0.342 (95%CI= [0.127,0.898]) for those born in the 1930s, to 14.600 (95%CI= [13.200,16.100]) for those born in the 1990s; and for males, from 4.900 (95%CI= [0.768, 7.947]) for those born in the 1930s, to 38.700 (95%CI= [32.553,66.341]) for those born in the 1990s.ConclusionRates of onset of cannabis use for males are higher than for females; however, the change across recent cohorts of the rates of onset has increased at a faster rate among females. Our findings can inform and improve the implementation of policies around cannabis use by identifying subpopulations by age, sex, and birth-cohort that are at the highest risk of initiating cannabis consumption.

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