scholarly journals The 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic: A Retroactive Examination of Economic Costs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Noy ◽  
Sharlan Shields
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Economic Costs

Governing through Contagion

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Lynette J. Chua ◽  
Jack Jin Gary Lee
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Historical Ethnography ◽  
Legal Strategies

This chapter focuses on the concept of “governing through contagion.” Flexing power over life, governing through contagion regulates subjects of a population to ensure their bodies are free from contagion, do not spread contagion to fellow subjects, and stay economically productive—or at least, avoid incurring economic costs of medicine and containment. In many territories, the legal strategies of control in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, such as quarantine orders and movement restrictions, grew out of earlier episodes of contagion that significantly shaped governing through contagion. The chapter then introduces three themes of governing through contagion: centralization and technology of law; normalization and technologies of moralization; and inter/dysconnectedness and the rearticulation of difference. The analysis draws on the historical ethnography of one British post-colony, Singapore, situated in three contexts: the colonial era (particularly 1868–1915), which was troubled by numerous epidemics such as plague, cholera, and smallpox; the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak; and the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Localized Lockdowns in the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yige Li ◽  
Eduardo A Undurraga ◽  
Jose Ramon Zubizarreta
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
The World ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Six months into the pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., social distancing, lockdowns) are the only available measure to control severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. Around the world, policymakers have implemented localized lockdowns in small geographic areas to prevent the spread of the disease. As governments ease restrictions, localized lockdowns are becoming a relevant policy option in cases of resurgence, as they can, in principle, reduce social and economic costs compared to larger-scale SARS-CoV-2 suppression strategies. The effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions have been typically described using mathematical models; however, there is a lack of empirical evidence of their causal effects to inform health policy. Using an integrated dataset from Chile, we estimated the direct and indirect (spillover) causal effects of localized lockdowns on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results show that the effectiveness of localized lockdowns is strongly modulated by duration and is affected by spillover effects from neighboring geographic areas. Our projections suggest that extending localized lockdowns will slow down the epidemic. However, by themselves, localized lockdowns will be unable to control epidemic growth due to spillovers from neighboring areas with high interdependencies, unless those contiguous areas also implement lockdowns.

Economic Costs of Drug Abuse

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy P. Rice ◽  
Sander Kelman ◽  
Leonard S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Economic Costs

Economic costs of violence against young children in Turkey

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duygun Fatih Demirel ◽  
Eylul Damla Gonul Sezer ◽  
Melek Basak
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Economic Costs

Perceptions about Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Experience Scales

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Maunder ◽  
William J. Lancee ◽  
Kenneth E. Balderson ◽  
Jocelyn P. Bennett ◽  
Bjug Borgundvaag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Identyfikacja kosztów pogorszenia reputacji przedsiębiorstwa z perspektywy interesariuszy

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Danuta Szwajca ◽  
Alina Rydzewska ◽  
Tomasz Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company ◽  
Crisis Situations

In the realities of modern economy even the best-managed company is not able to avoid threats and bad decisions, that can cause a crisis. Each crisis situation, that a company experiences, generates not only measurable economic costs, but also more difficult to assess and measure costs of a deteriorated reputation. These costs are the result of infringement of interests or failing to satisfy different stakeholders expectations. The aim of this article is an attempt to identify the cost of reputation deterioration in the context of the various interests of stakeholders groups. In the first part, the paper presents the effects of good and bad reputation, the reputation "contamination" path in a crisis situation and a cost analysis caused by it. The second part is empirical, where the identification of crisis situations measurable costs and reputation deterioration based on the examples of three selected companies was performed.

Restorative dental treatment in times of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robson de Lima GOMES ◽  
Marlus da Silva PEDROSA ◽  
Claudio Heliomar Vicente da SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Clinical Protocols ◽  
Know How ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Dental Staff ◽  
Dental Professional ◽  
Restrictive Measures

ABSTRACT Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), numerous restrictive measures have been adopted by governments of different countries. The return to elective dental care in Brazil is a reality even during the COVID-19 pandemic. During restorative dental procedures, the dental professional requires close contact with the patient, being exposed to contaminated saliva and fluids. In addition, transmission of COVID-19 by the generation of aerosol produced by dental handipieces may be possible. Thus, the dental staff must know how to act during restorative dental procedures, putting into practice the correct clinical protocols to avoid cross-contamination and COVID-19 spread. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the biosafety practices especially in the context of restorative dental procedures in times of COVID-19.

In Silico Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Potential Inhibitors of 3C-like Main Proteinase (3CLpro) from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Using Selected African Medicinal Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Qazi ◽  
Mustafa Alhaji Isa ◽  
Adam Mustapha ◽  
Khalid Raza ◽  
Ibrahim Alkali Allamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Md Simulation ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Ligand Complex ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Main Protease

<p>The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious virus that causes mild to severe life-threatening upper respiratory tract infection. The virus emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019, and later spread across the globe. Its genome has been completely sequenced and based on the genomic information, the virus possessed 3C-Like Main Protease (3CLpro), an essential multifunctional enzyme that plays a vital role in the replication and transcription of the virus by cleaving polyprotein at eleven various sites to produce different non-structural proteins. This makes the protein an important target for drug design and discovery. Herein, we analyzed the interaction between the 3CLpro and potential inhibitory compounds identified from the extracts of <i>Zingiber offinale</i> and <i>Anacardium occidentale</i> using in silico docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease in complex with 02J (5-Methylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid) and PEJ (composite ligand) (PDB Code: 6LU7,2.16Å) retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and subject to structure optimization and energy minimization. A total of twenty-nine compounds were obtained from the extracts of <i>Zingiber offinale </i>and the leaves of <i>Anacardium occidentale. </i>These compounds were screened for physicochemical (Lipinski rule of five, Veber rule, and Egan filter), <i>Pan</i>-Assay Interference Structure (PAINS), and pharmacokinetic properties to determine the Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients (PAIs). Of the 29 compounds, only nineteen (19) possessed drug-likeness properties with efficient oral bioavailability and less toxicity. These compounds subjected to molecular docking analysis to determine their binding energies with the 3CLpro. The result of the analysis indicated that the free binding energies of the compounds ranged between ˗5.08 and -10.24kcal/mol, better than the binding energies of 02j (-4.10kcal/mol) and PJE (-5.07kcal.mol). Six compounds (CID_99615 = -10.24kcal/mol, CID_3981360 = 9.75kcal/mol, CID_9910474 = -9.14kcal/mol, CID_11697907 = -9.10kcal/mol, CID_10503282 = -9.09kcal/mol and CID_620012 = -8.53kcal/mol) with good binding energies further selected and subjected to MD Simulation to determine the stability of the protein-ligand complex. The results of the analysis indicated that all the ligands form stable complexes with the protein, although, CID_9910474 and CID_10503282 had a better stability when compared to other selected phytochemicals (CID_99615, CID_3981360, CID_620012, and CID_11697907). </p>

In Silico Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Potential Inhibitors of 3C-like Main Proteinase (3CLpro) from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Using Selected African Medicinal Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Qazi ◽  
Mustafa Alhaji Isa ◽  
Adam Mustapha ◽  
Khalid Raza ◽  
Ibrahim Alkali Allamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Md Simulation ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Ligand Complex ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Main Protease

<p>The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an infectious virus that causes mild to severe life-threatening upper respiratory tract infection. The virus emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019, and later spread across the globe. Its genome has been completely sequenced and based on the genomic information, the virus possessed 3C-Like Main Protease (3CLpro), an essential multifunctional enzyme that plays a vital role in the replication and transcription of the virus by cleaving polyprotein at eleven various sites to produce different non-structural proteins. This makes the protein an important target for drug design and discovery. Herein, we analyzed the interaction between the 3CLpro and potential inhibitory compounds identified from the extracts of <i>Zingiber offinale</i> and <i>Anacardium occidentale</i> using in silico docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease in complex with 02J (5-Methylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid) and PEJ (composite ligand) (PDB Code: 6LU7,2.16Å) retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and subject to structure optimization and energy minimization. A total of twenty-nine compounds were obtained from the extracts of <i>Zingiber offinale </i>and the leaves of <i>Anacardium occidentale. </i>These compounds were screened for physicochemical (Lipinski rule of five, Veber rule, and Egan filter), <i>Pan</i>-Assay Interference Structure (PAINS), and pharmacokinetic properties to determine the Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients (PAIs). Of the 29 compounds, only nineteen (19) possessed drug-likeness properties with efficient oral bioavailability and less toxicity. These compounds subjected to molecular docking analysis to determine their binding energies with the 3CLpro. The result of the analysis indicated that the free binding energies of the compounds ranged between ˗5.08 and -10.24kcal/mol, better than the binding energies of 02j (-4.10kcal/mol) and PJE (-5.07kcal.mol). Six compounds (CID_99615 = -10.24kcal/mol, CID_3981360 = 9.75kcal/mol, CID_9910474 = -9.14kcal/mol, CID_11697907 = -9.10kcal/mol, CID_10503282 = -9.09kcal/mol and CID_620012 = -8.53kcal/mol) with good binding energies further selected and subjected to MD Simulation to determine the stability of the protein-ligand complex. The results of the analysis indicated that all the ligands form stable complexes with the protein, although, CID_9910474 and CID_10503282 had a better stability when compared to other selected phytochemicals (CID_99615, CID_3981360, CID_620012, and CID_11697907). </p>

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