scholarly journals The Association of Opening K-12 Schools and Colleges with the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-Level Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Chernozhukov ◽  
Hiroyuki Kasahara ◽  
Paul Schrimpf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
K 12

scholarly journals The Association of Opening K-12 Schools and Colleges with the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-Level Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Chernozhukov ◽  
Hiroyuki Kasahara ◽  
Paul Schrimpf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
County Level ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
K 12

AbstractThis paper empirically examines how the opening of K-12 schools and colleges is associated with the spread of COVID-19 using county-level panel data in the United States. Using data on foot traffic and K-12 school opening plans, we analyze how an increase in visits to schools and opening schools with different teaching methods (in-person, hybrid, and remote) is related to the 2-weeks forward growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Our debiased panel data regression analysis with a set of county dummies, interactions of state and week dummies, and other controls shows that an increase in visits to both K-12 schools and colleges is associated with a subsequent increase in case growth rates. The estimates indicate that fully opening K-12 schools with in-person learning is associated with a 5 (SE = 2) percentage points increase in the growth rate of cases. We also find that the positive association of K-12 school visits or in-person school openings with case growth is stronger for counties that do not require staff to wear masks at schools. These results have a causal interpretation in a structural model with unobserved county and time confounders. Sensitivity analysis shows that the baseline results are robust to timing assumptions and alternative specifications.

scholarly journals The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (42) ◽  
pp. e2103420118
Author(s):  
Victor Chernozhukov ◽  
Hiroyuki Kasahara ◽  
Paul Schrimpf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
County Level ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
K 12

This paper empirically examines how the opening of K–12 schools is associated with the spread of COVID-19 using county-level panel data in the United States. As preliminary evidence, our event-study analysis indicates that cases and deaths in counties with in-person or hybrid opening relative to those with remote opening substantially increased after the school opening date, especially for counties without any mask mandate for staff. Our main analysis uses a dynamic panel data model for case and death growth rates, where we control for dynamically evolving mitigation policies, past infection levels, and additive county-level and state-week “fixed” effects. This analysis shows that an increase in visits to both K–12 schools and colleges is associated with a subsequent increase in case and death growth rates. The estimates indicate that fully opening K–12 schools with in-person learning is associated with a 5 (SE = 2) percentage points increase in the growth rate of cases. We also find that the association of K–12 school visits or in-person school openings with case growth is stronger for counties that do not require staff to wear masks at schools. These findings support policies that promote masking and other precautionary measures at schools and giving vaccine priority to education workers.

Economics of Crime: Panel Data Analysis of Bank Robbery in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedayeh Samavati
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economics Of Crime ◽  
Bank Robbery

Bank Profitability, Globalisation and Barriers to Entrepreneurship. A Panel Data Analysis for Europe and the United States (1999-2007)

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miltiades N. Georgiou, ◽  
Nicholas Kyriazis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bank Profitability
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