Evaluation of the quality of service of the water supply delivery in Lebanon

The global community had launched a global target related to access to sustainable safe drinking water sources and had pursued a global monitoring and reporting program on progress made on access to drinking water sources. The universal indicator considered by the global community for this purpose is the proportion of the population with (or without) access to improved drinking water sources. An improved drinking water source is defined as one that is likely to be protected from outside contamination. However, monitoring and reporting progress using this indicator does not reflect the quality of service delivery, in particular the quantity, quality and continuity of drinking water supply. This paper presents the evaluation of the quality of service of the water supply in Lebanon based on additional national-specific indicators that can properly inform the quality of water supply service delivery. A method of evaluation of quality of service index (QSI) is proposed based on a fuzzy inference system. The results of evaluation of the QSI for the four regional water supply authorities in Lebanon for the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014 are then presented and discussed. Finally, the conclusion and further developments are presented.

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Assessment of the chemical quality of drinking water in Cambodia

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2006.048 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 101-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Peter R. Feldman ◽

Jan-Willem Rosenboom ◽

Mao Saray ◽

Chea Samnang ◽

Peng Navuth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Ground Water ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rapid Assessment ◽

Water Sources ◽

Health Concern ◽

Chemical Quality ◽

Drinking Water Sources

Most water supply programmes in Cambodia have focused on providing access to bacteriologically safe water, an approach which has led to an increasing reliance on ground water, especially in rural areas. However, there have been very few data collected on the chemical quality of the nation's drinking water sources, and few water supply programmes have the capacity to assess chemical quality. The study was designed to address this data gap by conducting a low-cost, rapid assessment of drinking water sources nationwide to determine whether there were any chemicals of concern in Cambodian water supply sources. Results of the assessment confirm that there are several parameters of health and aesthetic concern; dissolved arsenic is the most significant. Elevated arsenic levels (some exceeding 500 μg l-1) were detected in aquifers of moderate depth in several highly populated areas, confirming that further investigation of the occurrence of arsenic contamination in Cambodia is warranted. Other chemicals of health concern include nitrate, nitrite, fluoride and manganese. Additionally, many ground water sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as iron, manganese, hardness and total dissolved solids. Elevated levels of these parameters have caused consumers to reject newly installed water supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are bacteriologically unsafe.

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Comparative Study on the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Some Drinking Water Sources in Abuja, Nigeria

10.20944/preprints201711.0144.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sadiya Atiku ◽

Chukwuma C. Ogbaga ◽

Olatunbosun O. Alonge ◽

Onyinye F. Nwagbara

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

River Water ◽

Physicochemical Parameters ◽

Water Sources ◽

World Health ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Pseudomonas Spp ◽

Drinking Water Sources

Diseases caused by contaminated water consumption and poor hygiene are among the leading cause of death in children, the elderly and people with compromised immune system. The present study aims to assess the drinking water quality of some selected drinking water sources in the chosen study area using water quality index (WQI). Samples of drinking waters were collected from four different sources—river, sachet (packaged), borehole and well in Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria for physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standard methods. With the exception of pH, river water had the highest content of all the physicochemical parameters examined. Some of the physicochemical parameters such as temperature and pH determined in this study were mostly within the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. The bacteriological analyses revealed that the highest total viable counts of 1.54 (0.12) × 102 (cfu/mL) were obtained in the river sample while the least values of 0.03 (0.00) × 102 (cfu/mL) were obtained in the sachet water. Three bacterial isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp and Aeromonas spp were isolated from well water while Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp were isolated from borehole water. All other bacteria were isolated from the river. The study demonstrates that the safest drinking water source in Idu district, Jabi, Abuja is the sachet/packaged water while the least safe is the river water due to the presence of significant opportunistic pathogens. The results of this study are beneficial for water quality management and could be used for low-cost effective water quality assessment in Jabi.

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Seasonal assessment of drinking water sources in Rwanda using GIS, contamination degree (Cd), and metal index (MI)

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ◽

10.1007/s10661-019-7757-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 191 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valentine Mukanyandwi ◽

Alishir Kurban ◽

Egide Hakorimana ◽

Lamek Nahayo ◽

Gabriel Habiyaremye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Water Sources ◽

Dry Season ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Contamination Degree ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Metal Index

Abstract The quality of drinking water source remains as a major concern in areas of developing and underdeveloped countries worldwide. The treatment and supply of drinking water in Rwanda are carried out by Water and Sanitation Corporation, a state-owned public company. However, it is not able to supply water to all households. Consequently, the non-serviced households depend on natural water sources, like springs, to meet their water requirements. Nevertheless, the water quality in these springs is scarcely known. Therefore, this study assessed and compared metal elements in drinking water sources in the dry and rainy seasons in 2017 using the contamination degree, metal index, and geographic information systems to reveal the spatial distribution of water quality within the considered water sources of springs in Rwanda. The samples were collected monthly from nine water sources of springs and the measured elements are aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The metal index indicated that during the dry season and rainy season, the sites of Kibungo (1.10 and 1.26) and Kinigi (1.01 and 1.54) have assessed a metal index which is higher than 1. Thus, the water quality of those sites was getting the threshold of warning. The analysis indicated that pollutants are easily transported into water bodies during the rainy season in urban and rural areas to a greater extent than during the dry season .

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Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e042071

Author(s):

Zewudu Andualem ◽

Henok Dagne ◽

Zelalem Nigussie Azene ◽

Asefa Adimasu Taddese ◽

Baye Dagnew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Survey ◽

Rural Households ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Water Sources ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

P Value ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Drinking Water Sources

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess households access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities and their associated factors in Ethiopia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingEthiopia.ParticipantsHousehold heads.Primary outcomesAccess to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.MethodsWe conducted an in-depth secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Data from a total of 16 650 households and 645 clusters were included in the analysis. The households were selected using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling technique. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with access to an improved drinking water source and toilet facilities. Adjusted OR with a 95% CI was reported with p value <0.05 was used to declare a significant association between the covariates and the outcome variables.ResultsThe proportions of households’ access to improved sources of drinking water and toilet facilities were 69.94% (95% CI: 69.23% to 70.63%) and 25.36% (95% CI: 24.69% to 26.03%), respectively. Households headed by women and households with a better wealth index were positively associated with access to improved drinking water sources. Whereas rural households, ≥30 min round trip to obtain drinking water and region were factors negatively associated with households access to improved drinking water sources. A higher probability of having access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads who had attained higher education, households having better access to improved sources of drinking water and households with better wealth index. While the following households were less likely to have access to improved toilet facilities: households with heads were widowed, households with four to six members, rural households and region.ConclusionThe study found that the proportions of households’ access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia were relatively low, which demands the need to tailor strategies to increase the coverage of access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities.

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