scholarly journals Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction using locally available physical water clarification mechanisms before household chlorination in developing countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Kotlarz ◽  
Daniele Lantagne ◽  
Kelsey Preston ◽  
Kristen Jellison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Water System ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Turbid Waters ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Chlorine Demand

Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrhoeal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 1.9 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a proven household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrhoeal disease incidence among users in developing countries. Turbid waters pose a particular challenge to implementation of SWS programmes; although research shows that a 3.75 mg l−1 sodium hypochlorite dose effectively treats turbid waters, users sometimes object to the strong chlorine taste and prefer to drink water that is more aesthetically pleasing. This study investigated the efficacy of three locally available water clarification mechanisms—cloth filtration, settling/decanting and sand filtration—to reduce turbidity and chlorine demand at turbidities of 10, 30, 70, 100 and 300 NTU. All three mechanisms reduced turbidity (cloth filtration −1–60%, settling/decanting 78–88% and sand filtration 57–99%). Sand filtration (P=0.002) and settling/decanting (P=0.004), but not cloth filtration (P=0.30), were effective at reducing chlorine demand compared with controls. Recommendations for implementing organizations based on these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction using alum and moringa flocculation before household chlorination in developing countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Preston ◽  
Daniele Lantagne ◽  
Nadine Kotlarz ◽  
Kristen Jellison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Water System ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Turbid Waters ◽  
Chlorine Demand ◽  
Water Treatments

Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrhoeal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 1.87 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrhoeal disease incidence among users in developing countries. Turbid waters pose a particular challenge to implementation of SWS programmes; although research shows that a 3.75 mg l−1 sodium hypochlorite dose effectively treats turbid waters, users sometimes object to the strong chlorine taste and prefer to drink water that is more aesthetically pleasing. This study investigated the efficacy of two locally available chemical water treatments—alum and Moringa oleifera flocculation—to reduce turbidity and chlorine demand at turbidities of 10, 30, 70, 100 and 300 NTU. Both treatments effectively reduced turbidity (alum flocculation 23.0–91.4%; moringa flocculation 14.2–96.2%). Alum flocculation effectively reduced chlorine demand compared with controls at 30, 70, 100 and 300 NTU (p=0.01–0.06). Moringa flocculation increased chlorine demand to the point where adequate free chlorine residual was not maintained for 24 hours after treatment. Alum pretreatment is recommended in waters≥30 NTU for optimum water disinfection. Moringa flocculation is not recommended before chlorination.

scholarly journals Cost and financial sustainability of a household-based water treatment and storage intervention in Zambia

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyana Banerjee ◽  
Deborah A. McFarland ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Robert Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water System ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
And Behavior

Providing safe water to >1 billion people in need is a major challenge. To address this need, the Safe Water System (SWS) - household water treatment with dilute bleach, safe water storage, and behavior change - has been implemented in >20 countries. To assess the potential sustainability of the SWS, we analyzed costs in Zambia of “Clorin” brand product sold in bottles sufficient for a month of water treatment at a price of $0.09. We analyzed production, marketing, distribution, and overhead costs of Clorin before and after sales reached nationwide scale, and analyzed Clorin sales revenue. The average cost per bottle of Clorin production, marketing and distribution at start-up in 1999 was $1.88 but decreased by 82% to $0.33 in 2003, when >1.7 million bottles were sold. The financial loss per bottle decreased from $1.72 in 1999 to $0.24 in 2003. Net program costs in 2003 were $428,984, or only $0.04 per person-month of protection. A sensitivity analysis showed that if the bottle price increased to $0.18, the project would be self-sustaining at maximum capacity. This analysis demonstrated that efficiencies in the SWS supply chain can be achieved through social marketing. Even with a subsidy, overall program costs per beneficiary are low.

Hypochlorite Solution Expiration and Stability in Household Water Treatment in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lantagne ◽  
K. Preston ◽  
E. Blanton ◽  
N. Kotlarz ◽  
H. Gezagehn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Hypochlorite Solution ◽  
Household Water

scholarly journals Assessment of household water treatment and storage practices

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subrat K. Pradhan ◽  
Upasana Sinha ◽  
Durga M. Satapathy ◽  
Amit P. Swain ◽  
Rudra P. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Household Water

Background: Maintenance of drinking-water quality is a pillar of primary prevention and continues to be the foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction. The objective of the study was to assess household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) practice.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months. Total of 250 household were surveyed under the UHTC. Data was collected using WHO toolkit for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment and safe storage programme. Descriptive analysis was done.Results: Majority had piped connection (32%) followed by public standpipe (31.2%), hand pump (27.6%) as source of water. 60% had knowledge about boiling followed by chlorination 27%, membrane filters 22.4%. Majority i.e. 63% of the participants had thought boiling as the best method for disinfection of drinking water.Conclusions: Majority had piped connection, Maximum kept water container clean and covered. Only one fourth of the total household surveyed suffered from diarrhea in last 6 months.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-960
Author(s):  
Kyle S. Enger ◽  
Emaly S. Leak ◽  
Tiong Gim Aw ◽  
Angela D. Coulliette ◽  
Joan B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Bacteriophage Ms2 ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antimicrobial Effectiveness

Many different household water treatment (HWT) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. However, HWT methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. Two gravity-fed HWT devices (AquaSure™ and Waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of HaloPure® Br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. As water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted, which inactivate microorganisms. To assess log10 reduction values (LRVs) for Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, bacteriophage MS2, human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2), and murine norovirus (MN), these organisms were added to potable water and sewage-contaminated water. These organisms were quantified before and after water treatment by the HWT devices. On average, 6 LRVs against Vibrio were attained, as well as 5 LRVs against Salmonella, 4 LRVs against MS2, 5 LRVs against HAdV2, and 3 LRVs against MN. Disinfection was similar regardless of whether sewage was present. Polymer beads delivering bromine to drinking water are a potentially effective and useful component of HWT methods in developing countries.

scholarly journals Estimating the costs and health benefits of water and sanitation improvements at global level

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Haller ◽  
Guy Hutton ◽  
Jamie Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Household Water

The aim of this study was to estimate the costs and the health benefits of the following interventions: increasing access to improved water supply and sanitation facilities, increasing access to in house piped water and sewerage connection, and providing household water treatment, in ten WHO sub-regions. The cost-effectiveness of each intervention was assessed in terms of US dollars per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted. This analysis found that almost all interventions were cost-effective, especially in developing countries with high mortality rates. The estimated cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) varied between US$20 per DALY averted for disinfection at point of use to US$13,000 per DALY averted for improved water and sanitation facilities. While increasing access to piped water supply and sewage connections on plot was the intervention that had the largest health impact across all sub-regions, household water treatment was found to be the most cost-effective intervention. A policy shift to include better household water quality management to complement the continuing expansion of coverage and upgrading of services would appear to be a cost-effective health intervention in many developing countries.

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