scholarly journals Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Thaís Filomena da Silva Santos ◽  
Veridiana Karmann Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium have been described as important waterborne disease pathogens, and are associated with severe gastrointestinal illnesses. The objective of this paper was to investigate the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples from watershed catchments and treated water sources. A total of 25 water samples were collected and examined according to the US EPA—Method 1623, 2005, consisting of 12 from drinking water and 13 from raw water. Positive samples from raw water for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were 46.1 and 7.6%, respectively. In finished water, positive samples were 41.7% for Giardia cysts and 25.0% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Concentrations of Giardia cysts found in raw water samples ranged from “not detected” to 3.4 cysts/L, whereas concentrations of Cryptoporidium oocysts ranged from “not detected” to 0.1 oocysts/L. In finished water, Giardia concentrations ranged from “not detected” to 0.06 cysts/L, and Cryptosporidium, from “not detected” to 0.01 oocysts/L. Concentrations of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not high in the samples analyzed. Nevertheless, the results of this study highlight the need to monitor these organisms in both raw and drinking water.

scholarly journals First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Plutzer ◽  
M. H. Takó ◽  
K. Márialigeti ◽  
A. Törökné ◽  
P. Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
River Danube ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the investigated water supplies may require the water utilities and water authorities in Hungary to apply additional monitoring and treatment and/or watershed controls.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hashimoto ◽  
T. Hirata ◽  
S. Kunikane
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Observation Level ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A one-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was conducted at a water purification plant. A total of thirteen 50 L samples of river source water and twenty-six 2,000 L samples of filtered water (treated by coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and rapid filtration) were concentrated using a hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane module at a purification plant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in all raw water samples with a geometric mean concentration of 400 oocysts/m3 (range 160-1,500 oocysts/m3). Giardia cysts were detected in 12/13 raw waters (92%) with a geometric mean concentration of 170 cysts/m3 (range 40-580 oocysts/m3). Probability distributions of both Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentration in raw water were nearly log-normal. In filtered water samples, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 9/26 samples (35%) with a geometric mean concentration of 1.2 oocysts/m3 (range 0.5-8 oocysts/m3) and Giardia cysts in three samples (12%) with 0.8 cysts/m3 (range 0.5-2 oocysts/m3). The estimated removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was, respectively, 2.54 log10 and 2.53 log10 on the basis of geometric means, 3.20 and 3.57 log10 on the basis of 50% observation level and 2.70 and 2.90 log10 on the basis of 90% observation level.

Influence of US EPA 1622 method successive steps on the viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Guyot ◽  
M. F. Gireaudot-Liepmann ◽  
A. Cabon ◽  
I. Riveau-Ricard ◽  
M. Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts ◽  
Elution Step

Viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were processed by the US EPA 1622 method to determine if the procedure that requires successive filtration, elutionand centrifugation alters their integrity and viability (determined by in vitro excystation). Oocyst seeded in tap water samples were also used to evaluate recovery efficiencies and impact of the whole procedure on oocyst viability. Filtration through Envirochek Gelman cartridge was found not to damage oocysts. The use of Laureth-12 buffer during the elution step was shown to lead to greater spontaneous oocysts excystation than other phosphate buffers containing between 80 and/or SDS (like the Gelman buffer). However, this drawback was widely balanced against the best efficiency of this buffer to elute oocysts captured by the cartridge filter and therefore against its high recovery efficiency. Thus, in water samples in which the oocyst concentration is expected to be low, it is more advantageous to employ the Laureth-12 buffer for the elution through it can influence viability. Centrifugation speeds (1,000–5,000 g) did not alter oocysts.

scholarly journals Contamination Level, Source Identification and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Drinking Water Sources of Mining and Non-mining Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Imran Bhatti ◽  
Muhammad Ishtiaq ◽  
Said Akbbar Khan ◽  
javed nawab ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Epa

Abstract Accelerated mining activities have increased water contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and their associated human health risk in developing countries. The current study investigated the distribution of PTEs, their potential sources and health risk assessment in both ground and surface water sources in mining and non–mining areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Water samples (n=150) were taken from selected sites and were analyzed for six PTEs (Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn). Among PTEs, Cr showed high mean concentration (497) μg L–1, followed by Zn (414) μg L–1 in mining area, while Zn showed lowest mean value (4.44) μg L–1 in non-mining areas. Elevated concentrations of Ni, Cr and moderate level of Pb in ground and surface water of Mohmand District exceeded the permissible limits set by WHO (2017). Multivariate statistical analyses showed that pollution sources of PTEs were mainly from mafic-ultramafic rocks, acid mine drainage, open dumping of mine-wastes and mine tailings. The hazard quotient (HQ) was highest for children relatively to adults, but not higher than the US-EPA limits. The hazard index (HI) for ingestions of all selected PTEs were lower than the threshold value (HIing <1), except Mohmand District which showed (HI >1) in mining areas through ingestion. Moreover, the carcinogenic risk (CR) values exceeded the threshold limits for Ni and Cr set by the US-EPA (1.0E−04 to 1.0E−06). In order to protect the drinking water sources of the study areas from more contamination, the management techniques and policy for mining operations need to be implemented.

Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts on Salad Products Irrigated with Contaminated Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1138-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
INMACULADA AMORÓS ◽  
JOSÉ L. ALONSO ◽  
GONZALO CUESTA
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Salad Vegetables ◽  
Texas Red ◽  
Irrigation Waters ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency Method ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A field study in Valencia, Spain, was done to determine the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on salad products that are frequently eaten raw, such as lettuces and Chinese cabbage, and in irrigation waters. Four water samples were taken weekly 1 month before harvesting the vegetables. All water samples were analyzed using techniques included in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623. Standard methods for detecting protozoan parasites on salad vegetables are not available. Published techniques for the isolation of parasites from vegetables generally have low and variable recovery efficiencies. In this study, vegetables were analyzed using a recently reported method for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on salad products. The waters tested were positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Of 19 salad products studied, we observed Cryptosporidium in 12 samples and Giardia in 10 samples. Recoveries of the Texas Red–stained Cryptosporidium and Giardia, which were used as internal controls, were 24.5% ± 3.5% for Cryptosporidium and 16.7% ± 8.1% for Giardia (n = 8). This study provides data on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in salad products in Spain. The method was useful in the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts on the vegetables tested, and it provides a useful analytical tool for occurrence monitoring.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvi Gaut ◽  
Lucy Robertson ◽  
Bjørn Gjerde ◽  
Atle Dagestad ◽  
Bjørge Brattli
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
First Time ◽  
Groundwater Wells ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in Norwegian groundwater wells in bedrock has been investigated for the first time. Wells close to risk areas such as farming and septic tanks were chosen. In all, 20 water samples from 20 different waterworks were collected. The samples were analysed for Cryptosporidium and Giardia, using US EPA Method 1623. Turbidity was also measured. Water samples from 10 of the waterworks were also analysed for Clostridium perfringens by membrane filtration. Cryptosporidium was detected in the groundwater samples from 3 of the waterworks. Giardia and Clostridium perfringens were not detected. Too few samples were analysed to verify whether Giardia is indeed absent from bedrock wells, and further studies are recommended to give more reliable data.

The Presence of Selected Pharmaceuticals and the Antimicrobial Triclosan in Drinking Water in Ontario, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Servos ◽  
Martha Smith ◽  
Rodney McInnis ◽  
B. Kent Burnison ◽  
Bill-H. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Acidic Drugs ◽  
Source Waters

Abstract The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment is a rapidly emerging international issue. A variety of drugs have been found in sewage effluents and surface waters in Europe, the United States, and Canada. This study examines the presence of selected pharmaceuticals (8 acidic drugs) and the antimicrobial substance, triclosan, in raw water and finished water of drinking water plants across southern Ontario. Twenty drinking water treatment plants that represented a variety of water sources and treatment process parameters were sampled. None of the raw or finished water samples taken from wells showed detectable levels of any of the acidic drugs or triclosan. River water samples downstream of sewage effluent outfalls showed the highest levels of contamination of the source water. Levels of naproxen and ibuprofen were elevated to levels as high as 176 and 150 ng/L, respectively, in raw water entering the treatment plants from a river source. Low levels of gemfibrozil (19.2 ng/L), diclofenac (15 ng/L), indomethacin (6 ng/L), and the antimicrobial triclosan (34 ng/L) could be also detected in raw water from river sources. Raw water taken from large lakes also had very low but detectable levels of several acidic drugs, suggesting that these chemicals are widespread in the environment. Although treatment systems are not designed to remove these specific types of substances, most of the acidic drugs were not detectable in finished waters. Naproxen and triclosan were detectable in finished water but were significantly reduced in concentration relative to the raw water. The concentration of ibuprofen was detectable in the finished water of almost all treatment plants that used surface water as a source. This work demonstrates the potential of Ontario source waters, particularly river water sources, to contain trace levels of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products. There is a need to complete a more comprehensive assessment of these compounds in source waters and of the factors influencing their treatment and removal from finished drinking water.

Virological examination of drinking water: a Canadian collaborative study

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Michel Trudel ◽  
S.A. Sattar ◽  
V. S. Springthorpe ◽  
T. P. Subrahmanyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Probable Number

A collaborative virological survey of drinking water was initiated in three major Canadian urban areas, Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto. In each selected area, three water purification plants were sampled monthly for up to 18 months. The total population served by all nine plants was about 1 500 000. Samples of raw (100 L) and treated (1000 L) water were examined by virus concentration procedures based on adsorption–elution. Sample concentrates were assayed for cytopathic viruses on BS-C-1 cells and the results were expressed as the most probable number of cytopathic units (MPNCU). Viruses were detected in 57% (0–15.35 MPNCU/L) of the raw water samples from Montreal, 37% (0–46.0 MPNCU/L) in Ottawa, and 33% (0–4.91 MPNCU/L) in Toronto. The majority of isolates were reoviruses, but picornaviruses were also found. All finished waters (177 samples) met bacteriological, turbidity, and residual chlorine standards and were free of detectable viruses.

scholarly journals Contamination Level, Source Identification And Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements In Drinking Water Sources of Mining And Non-Mining Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Bhatti ◽  
Muhammad Ishtiaq ◽  
Said Khan ◽  
javed nawab ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Epa

Abstract Accelerated mining activities have increased water contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and their associated human health risk in developing countries. The current study investigated the distribution of PTEs, their potential sources and health risk assessment in both ground and surface water sources in mining and non–mining areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Water samples (n=150) were taken from selected sites and were analyzed for six PTEs (Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb and Mn). Among PTEs, Cr showed high mean concentration (497) μg L–1, followed by Zn (414) μg L–1 in mining area, while Zn showed lowest mean value (4.44) μg L–1 in non-mining areas. Elevated concentrations of Ni, Cr and moderate level of Pb in ground and surface water of Mohmand District exceeded the permissible limits set by WHO (2017). Multivariate statistical analyses showed that pollution sources of PTEs were mainly from mafic-ultramafic rocks, acid mine drainage, open dumping of mine-wastes and mine tailings. The hazard quotient (HQ) was highest for children relatively to adults, but not higher than the US-EPA limits. The hazard index (HI) for ingestions of all selected PTEs were lower than the threshold value (HIing <1), except Mohmand District which showed (HI >1) in mining areas through ingestion. Moreover, the carcinogenic risk (CR) values exceeded the threshold limits for Ni and Cr set by the US-EPA (1.0E−04 to 1.0E−06). In order to protect the drinking water sources of the study areas from more contamination, the management techniques and policy for mining operations need to be implemented.

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

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