Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in a conventional water purification plant

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hashimoto ◽  
T. Hirata ◽  
S. Kunikane
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Giardia Cyst ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Observation Level ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Purification Plant ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Giardia Cysts

A one-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was conducted at a water purification plant. A total of thirteen 50 L samples of river source water and twenty-six 2,000 L samples of filtered water (treated by coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation and rapid filtration) were concentrated using a hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane module at a purification plant. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in all raw water samples with a geometric mean concentration of 400 oocysts/m3 (range 160-1,500 oocysts/m3). Giardia cysts were detected in 12/13 raw waters (92%) with a geometric mean concentration of 170 cysts/m3 (range 40-580 oocysts/m3). Probability distributions of both Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentration in raw water were nearly log-normal. In filtered water samples, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 9/26 samples (35%) with a geometric mean concentration of 1.2 oocysts/m3 (range 0.5-8 oocysts/m3) and Giardia cysts in three samples (12%) with 0.8 cysts/m3 (range 0.5-2 oocysts/m3). The estimated removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts was, respectively, 2.54 log10 and 2.53 log10 on the basis of geometric means, 3.20 and 3.57 log10 on the basis of 50% observation level and 2.70 and 2.90 log10 on the basis of 90% observation level.

scholarly journals Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium cysts/oocysts in watersheds and drinking water sources in Brazil urban areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Thaís Filomena da Silva Santos ◽  
Veridiana Karmann Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium have been described as important waterborne disease pathogens, and are associated with severe gastrointestinal illnesses. The objective of this paper was to investigate the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples from watershed catchments and treated water sources. A total of 25 water samples were collected and examined according to the US EPA—Method 1623, 2005, consisting of 12 from drinking water and 13 from raw water. Positive samples from raw water for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were 46.1 and 7.6%, respectively. In finished water, positive samples were 41.7% for Giardia cysts and 25.0% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Concentrations of Giardia cysts found in raw water samples ranged from “not detected” to 3.4 cysts/L, whereas concentrations of Cryptoporidium oocysts ranged from “not detected” to 0.1 oocysts/L. In finished water, Giardia concentrations ranged from “not detected” to 0.06 cysts/L, and Cryptosporidium, from “not detected” to 0.01 oocysts/L. Concentrations of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not high in the samples analyzed. Nevertheless, the results of this study highlight the need to monitor these organisms in both raw and drinking water.

scholarly journals First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Plutzer ◽  
M. H. Takó ◽  
K. Márialigeti ◽  
A. Törökné ◽  
P. Karanis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Purification Method ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
River Danube ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the investigated water supplies may require the water utilities and water authorities in Hungary to apply additional monitoring and treatment and/or watershed controls.

scholarly journals Radon Concentrations in Raw Water and Treated Water Used for Bottled Water in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5313
Author(s):  
Byong Wook Cho ◽  
Jae Hong Hwang ◽  
Byeong Dae Lee ◽  
Yong Hwa Oh ◽  
Chang Oh Choo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
Radon Concentrations

Radon concentrations in the raw water and treated water used for 59 brands of bottled water produced in South Korea were analysed. The radon levels in 59 raw water samples ranged from 3.7 to 476.8 Bq/L, with a geometric mean of 49.0 Bq/L. The mean radon levels in raw water samples were high in Jurassic granite aquifers and low in volcanic rock aquifers. However, the maximum radon levels were observed in metamorphic rock aquifers. The concentrations in 55 treated water samples ranged from 0.1 to 239.4 Bq/L, with a geometric mean of 7.7 Bq/L. In treated water, radon levels decreased by 16.0–98.9% (average, 74.9%) due mainly to storage in water tanks and treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC) filters. The radon levels in raw water and treated water samples exceeded the US EPA alternative maximum contaminant level (AMCL) of 148 Bq/L by 16.9% and 1.8%, respectively. Considering the radon reduction rate, it is anticipated that the radon concentrations in bottled water in stores will not exceed 148 Bq/L because it takes about 1–2 weeks for treated water to reach the customer as bottled water.

scholarly journals A Breakthrough in Water Purification Using an Oligodynamic Metal and Moringa Oleifera Seed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alakaparampil Joseph Varkey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Seed

A simple, efficient and stand-alone method for purification of river water using moringa seed powder and copper is discussed. Coagulant property of the seed powder clears turbid raw water and the oligodynamic activity of copper completely destroys E.coli bacteria. Both raw and treated water samples were tested for contaminants to verify the efficacy of the system. Treated water has turbidity in the range 3 NTU - 5 NTU and non-detected (< 1 MPN/100 mL) E.coli count making it suitable for drinking. The technique is very cost effective and can be practiced anywhere using locally available materials. It does not require a power source or any technical assistance. Being a stand-alone system the technique exceptionally useful in providing drinking water as an immediate solution in disaster areas affected by cyclone or floods.

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in raw water samples from the Rímac River, Peru

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 11454-11467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meylin Bautista ◽  
Taís Rondello Bonatti ◽  
Vagner Ricardo da S. Fiuza ◽  
Angelica Terashima ◽  
Marco Canales-Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts

Comparison of methods for the concentration ofCryptosporidiumoocysts andGiardiacysts from raw waters

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christobel Ferguson ◽  
Christine Kaucner ◽  
Martin Krogh ◽  
Daniel Deere ◽  
Malcolm Warnecke
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Giardia Cysts

This study compared the recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts ((oo)cysts) from raw waters using 4 different concentration–elution methods: flatbed membranes, FiltaMaxTMfoam, EnvirochekTMHV capsules, and Hemoflow ultrafilters. The recovery efficiency of the combined immunomagnetic separation and staining steps was also determined. Analysis of variance of arcsine-transformed data demonstrated that recovery of Cryptosporidium oocysts by 2 of the methods was statistically equivalent (flatbed filtration 26.7% and Hemoflow 28.3%), with FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV recoveries significantly lower (18.9% and 18.4%). Recovery of Giardia cysts was significantly higher using flatbed membrane filtration (42.2%) compared with the other 3 methods (EnvirochekTMHV 29.3%, FiltaMaxTM29.0%, and Hemoflow 20.9%). All methods were generally acceptable and are suitable for laboratory use; 2 of the methods are also suitable for field use (FiltaMaxTMand EnvirochekTMHV). In conclusion, with recoveries generally being statistically equivalent or similar, practical considerations become important in determining which filters to use for particular circumstances. The results indicate that while low-turbidity or "finished" waters can be processed with consistently high recovery efficiencies, recoveries from raw water samples differ significantly with variations in raw water quality. The use of an internal control with each raw water sample is therefore highly recommended.Key words: catchments, EnvirochekTMHV, Hemoflow, FiltaMaxTM, flatbed filtration.

Effective removal of musty odor in the Kanamachi Purification Plant

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Muramoto ◽  
T. Udagawa ◽  
T. Okamura
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Purification System ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Purification System ◽  
Musty Odor ◽  
Purification Plant

Since 1972, the Kanamachi Purification Plant has been faced with a “musty odor” problem in water. In 1984, the plant began to treat raw water with powdered activated carbon. However, the concentration of the musty odor substance 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in raw water varied so markedly that it was difficult to control the dosage of powdered activated carbon. To achieve a more stable and effective removal of the musty odor, the Bureau decided to introduce an Advanced Water Purification system combining ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment. On June 25, 1992, we started operation of the facilities. This system, which is the first of these plants in Japan, can remove musty odor to the satisfaction of the customer.

scholarly journals Purification of lake water using a PES hollow fiber membrane

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537
Author(s):  
K. M. W. Carolyn ◽  
M. U. M. Junaidi ◽  
N. A. Hashim ◽  
M. A. Hussain ◽  
F. Mohamed Zuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Fiber Membrane ◽  
Dead End

Abstract Water scarcity combined with increasing populations will create a massive problem of obtaining clean water sources in the future. In this research, a newly developed polyethersulfone (PES) hollow fiber membrane from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is used in water purification experiments using raw water samples obtained from Varsity Lake of the University of Malaya (UM) and a lake in Taman Jaya. The raw water samples undergo water quality characteristics tests to determine their class of water quality based on national water quality standards. Both raw water samples have been characterized and belong to class II of water quality. Subsequently, both raw water samples are used in water purification experiments with two types of filtration configuration, cross-flow and dead-end. Results show that water purification using the PES hollow fiber membrane can obtain water quality of class I for both samples. However, the presence of Escherichia coli can still be detected in both purified water samples. From the results obtained, the fabricated PES membrane is able to filter raw water samples of WQI Class II to WQI Class I quality and adhere to drinking water standards, and the dead-end filtration configuration provides the best filtration performance.

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