Strategic and economic aspects of municipal wastewater treatment in the Danube Basin

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Somlyódy
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
North East ◽  
Nutrient Emission

Aspects of municipal wastewater management in the Danube Basin are discussed with particular focus to the needs of Central and Eastern European transition countries of much lower infrastructure and economic development than Germany and Austria. The present situation of infrastructure development and nutrient emissions are discussed, which cover countries, point- and non-point sources, retentions and loads carried by the Danube to the Black Sea. Removal rates and costs of seven state-of-the-art technologies are outlined which are one of the important tools of nutrient emission reduction in the Basin. Development needs are evaluated under the assumption of approaching infrastructure levels of Germany and Austria, and nutrient emission reduction goals of the North-East Black Sea. Capital and annualized costs are estimated and the issue of affordability is addressed by analyzing different strategies and conditions of financing. Two indicators are used: total annual cost per GDP and head specific total annual cost related to the net household expenditure. The second one can be critically high which under the present modest economic growth can be balanced primarily by the increase of the implementation period of investments. The paper is completed by Hungarian strategic experiences of the past fifteen years in wastewater management, implementation and financing.

Nutrient Balances for Danube Countries: A Strategic Analysis

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Somlyódy ◽  
P. H. Brunner ◽  
H. Kroiϐ
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Nutrient Balances ◽  
Danube Basin

Issues of nutrient management were studied in ten countries of the Danube Basin in the frame of the Danube Environment Programme. Comprehensive data collection covered socio-economic and natural factors influencing nutrient balances, water quality of the Danube and its tributaries, and major features of wastewater management for municipalities. The innovative methodology of materials accounting was applied to develop nutrient balances for the countries involved and the Danube Basin, and to get insight on causes, temporal changes of stocks and early recognition. The approach was cross-checked against loads estimated from ambient water quality observations. Main dilemmas of water quality management (local problems, and the regional eutrophication of the Danube Delta and the Black Sea) were identified and options of load reductions were evaluated. Agriculture pollution of mostly non-point source origin was found as the key of developing an integrated emission reduction policy for the Basin. Municipal wastewater management strategies were studied in detail. Recommendations were given on strategy development, monitoring, research and improved international cooperation in the Danube/Black Sea Basin.

scholarly journals Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Karczmarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

Abstract Hauled liquid waste as a pollutant of soils and waters in Poland. Improperly maintained holding tanks are often underestimated source of contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water. As a rule, wastewater stored in holding tanks, should be transported and treated in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). There are 2,257,000 holding tanks in Poland, located mainly in rural areas. The article presents the results of analysis of wastewater management in 20 rural and urban-rural communes, which were chosen at random from the total number of 2,174 communes in Poland. The only criterion of commune selection was total or partial lack of sewerage system. Analysis of the collected data showed that on average only 27% of liquid waste from holding tanks ended at the WWTPs. The median is even lower and amounts to 17.5%. More than 4,000 Mg of P and 26,000 Mg of N is dispersed in the environment in uncontrolled manner. Those diffuse point sources of pollution may be one of the reasons in the difficulty of achieving of good ecological status of rivers and affect the quality of the Baltic Sea.

scholarly journals Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus loads in a Mediterranean river catchment (La Tordera, NE Spain)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7555-7594 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Caille ◽  
J. L. Riera ◽  
A. Rosell-Melé
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Flows ◽  
North East ◽  
Nutrient Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Emission

Abstract. Human activities have resulted in increased nutrient levels in many rivers all over Europe. Sustainable management of river basins demands an assessment of the causes and consequences of human alteration of nutrient flows, together with an evaluation of management options. In the context of an integrated and interdisciplinary environmental assessment (IEA) of nutrient flows, we present and discuss the application of the nutrient emission model MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions into River Systems) to the Catalan river basin, La Tordera (North-East of Spain), for the period 1996-2002. After a successful calibration and verification process (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies E = 0.85 for phosphorus, and E = 0.86 for nitrogen), the application of the model MONERIS proved to be useful to estimate nutrient loads. Crucial for model calibration, in-stream retention (mainly affected by variability in precipitation) was estimated to be about 50 % of nutrient emissions on an annual basis. Through this process, we identified the importance of point sources for phosphorus emissions (about 94 % for 1996–2002), and diffuse sources, especially inputs via groundwater, for nitrogen emissions (about 31 % for 1996–2002). Despite potential hurdles related to model structure, observed loads, and input data encountered during the modelling process, MONERIS provided a good representation of the major interannual and spatial patterns in nutrient emissions. An analysis of the model uncertainty and sensitivity to input data indicates that the model MONERIS, even in data-starved Mediterranean catchments, may be profitably used for evaluating quantitative nutrient emission scenarios that may help catchment managers and planners to develop effective policy and management measures to reduce nutrient loads.

scholarly journals Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus loads in a Mediterranean river catchment (La Tordera, NE Spain)

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2417-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Caille ◽  
J. L. Riera ◽  
A. Rosell-Melé
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Good Representation ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Nutrient Flows ◽  
North East ◽  
Nutrient Emissions ◽  
Nutrient Emission

Abstract. Human activities have resulted in increased nutrient levels in many rivers all over Europe. Sustainable management of river basins demands an assessment of the causes and consequences of human alteration of nutrient flows, together with an evaluation of management options. In the context of an integrated and interdisciplinary environmental assessment (IEA) of nutrient flows, we present and discuss the application of the nutrient emission model MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions into River Systems) to the Catalan river basin, La Tordera (north-east Spain), for the period 1996–2002. After a successful calibration and verification process (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies E=0.85 for phosphorus and E=0.86 for nitrogen), the application of the model MONERIS proved to be useful in estimating nutrient loads. Crucial for model calibration, in-stream retention was estimated to be about 50 % of nutrient emissions on an annual basis. Through this process, we identified the importance of point sources for phosphorus emissions (about 94% for 1996–2002), and diffuse sources, especially inputs via groundwater, for nitrogen emissions (about 31% for 1996–2002). Despite hurdles related to model structure, observed loads, and input data encountered during the modelling process, MONERIS provided a good representation of the major interannual and spatial patterns in nutrient emissions. An analysis of the model uncertainty and sensitivity to input data indicates that the model MONERIS, even in data-starved Mediterranean catchments, may be profitably used by water managers for evaluating quantitative nutrient emission scenarios for the purpose of managing river basins. As an example of scenario modelling, an analysis of the changes in nutrient emissions through two different future scenarios allowed the identification of a set of relevant measures to reduce nutrient loads.

Wastewater management in the Danube Basin

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
M. Zessner ◽  
R. Fenz ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Balances ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Nutrient Emissions ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Danube Catchment

In the framework of the Environmental Program for the Danube River Basin financed by the PHARE-program of the EC-Commission the study “Nutrient Balances for Danube Countries” was carried out by the Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering of the Budapest University of Technology and the Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management of the Vienna University of Technology. Expert teams from seven further countries from the Danube Basin completed the team for the project. A crucial part of this study was the evaluation of the present situation of wastewater management of the different countries and the evaluation of future strategies for wastewater management in the context of nutrient balances. This paper presents the developed methodology for wastewater management and the results of its application to the Danube catchment. The major conclusions of the study are: to postpone sewer construction unless hygienic reasons and/or drinking water protection require it and to aim at upgrading treatment efficiency; an ambient water quality principle requires high treatment efficiency in many cases and by introducing nutrient removal at municipal wastewater treatment plants about 20% of the total nutrient emissions to surface waters can be removed.

Wastewater management strategies for the black sea coast of Turkey

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 169-176
Author(s):  
I. Ozturk ◽  
E. Yuksel ◽  
A. Tanik
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
Sea Coast

The Black Sea, surrounded by six riparian countries, is under the threat of severe pollution, giving rise to the need of taking precautions to protect it from further deterioration. In this paper, an effort putting forth a wastewater treatment and management strategy is outlined for the Black Sea coast of Turkey, including both the technical and financial aspects. The present situation of the coast in terms of land-based pollution and infrastructure is stated, followed by an applicable management strategy. The strategy developed for the coastal settlements involves various stagewise treatment schemes based on population distribution and densities along the coastline, and on the availability of land in a specified period of thirty years. Similar strategies are proposed for the control of pollution originating from industries, for those carried by rivers joining the sea, and for leachate of solid waste landfills. The cost estimations of various treatment schemes are also given in terms of population equivalents.

scholarly journals The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozena Mrowiec
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water Contamination

The aim of this paper was to review the literature data regarding the physico-chemical characteristic of plastic pollutants discharged with municipal sewage, the practical possibility of removing microplastic particles from wastewater during different treatment steps in WWTPs and the problem of surface water contamination within them. Microplastics (the size range of 1 nm to < 5 mm), have been recognized as an emerging threat, as well as an ecotoxicological and ecological risk for water ecosystems. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mentioned as the main point sources of microplastics in an aquatic environment. Microplastic particles can be effectively removed in the primary treatment zones via solids skimming and sludge settling processes. Different tertiary treatment processes such as: gravity sand filtration, discfilter, air flotation and membrane filtration provide substantial additional removal of microplastics, and the efficiency of wastewater treatment process can be at a removal level of 99.9%. Nevertheless, given the large volumes of effluent constantly discharged to receivers, even tertiary level WWTPs may constitute a considerable source of microplastics in the surface water.

scholarly journals The configuration of the Pontus Euxinus in Ptolemy's Geography

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-51
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Shcheglov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Constituent Elements

Abstract. This article aims to explain how Ptolemy could have constructed a map of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), as described in his Geography, under the assumption that his sources were similar to those that have come down to us. The method employed is based on the comparison of Ptolemy's data with corresponding information from other ancient sources, revealing the most conspicuous similarities and differences between them. Three types of information are considered as possible “constituent elements” of Ptolemy's map: latitudes, coastline lengths, and straight-line distances. It is argued that the latitudes Ptolemy used for the key points determining the overall shape of the Pontus (Byzantium, Trapezus, the mouth of the Borysthenes and the Cimmerian Bosporus, the mouth of the Tanais, etc.) were most likely inherited from earlier geographers (Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Marinus). In exactly the same way, Ptolemy's data on the circumference of the Pontus and the length of the coastal stretches between the key points (from the Thracian Bosporus to Cape Karambis, Sinope, Trapezus, and the mouth of the Phasis, etc.) closely correlate with the corresponding estimates reported by other geographers (Eratosthenes, Artemidorus, Strabo, Pliny, Arrian, and Pseudo-Arrian), which implies that Ptolemy drew on similar coastline length information. The shortening of Ptolemy's west coast of the Pontus (from the Thracian Bosporus to the mouth of the Borysthenes) relative to the corresponding distances reported by other sources is explained by his underestimation of the circumference of the Earth. The lengthening of Ptolemy's north-east Pontus coast (from the Cimmerian Bosporus to the mouth of the Phasis) can, in part, be accounted for by his attempt to incorporate the straight-line distances across the open sea reported by Pliny. Overall, Ptolemy's configuration of the Black Sea can be satisfactorily explained as a result of fitting contradictory pieces of information together that were inherited from earlier geographical traditions.

Municipal Wastewater Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-187
Author(s):  
Mary K. Theodore ◽  
Louis Theodore
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Management
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