A New Approach in Measuring Rainfall Interception by Urban Trees in Coastal British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeganeh Asadian ◽  
Markus Weiler
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Interception Loss

Abstract Interception loss plays an important role in controlling the water balance of a watershed, especially where urban development has taken place. The aim of this study was to illustrate the importance of urban trees as a form of ‘green infrastructure’ where they reduce stormwater runoff and rainwater intensity. In addition, trees cause a delay in precipitation reaching the ground. Interception loss was studied in the North Shore of British Columbia. We applied a unique methodology for measuring throughfall under six different urban trees using a system of long polyvinyl chloride pipes hung beneath the canopy capturing the throughfall and draining it to a rain gauge attached to a data logger. Different tree species (Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii] and western red cedar [Thuja plicata]) in variable landscape sites (streets, parks, and natural forested areas) and elevations were selected to ensure that the system adequately captured the throughfall variability. Interception and throughfall were monitored over a one year cycle for which the results of seven discrete storm events for coniferous trees from the District of North Vancouver during 2007 to 2008 are presented. Cumulative gross precipitation for seven selected events was 377 mm. Average canopy interception during these events for Douglas-fir and western red cedar were 49.1 and 60.9%, where it corresponded to average net loss of 20.4 and 32.3 mm, respectively. The interception loss varied depending on canopy structure, climatic conditions, and rainfall characteristics.

THE BEHAVIOUR OF FIVE WOOD SPECIES IN COMPRESSION

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ellis ◽  
Paul Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Five wood species, Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia Benth.), Balau (Shorea spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), and Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were loaded in compression longitudinally, radially and tangentially. The wood cubes were conditioned to one of four moisture contents prior to loading. Small cubes were loaded until no void space remained after which samples were released and soaked in water. Stress /strain curves were recorded over the whole range of strain and cube thicknesses were recorded at the end of the compression, after release from the testing apparatus, and after soaking in water. Denser woods resulted in a greater Young’s modulus, higher levels of stress and shorter time to densification than did less dense woods. Higher initial moisture contents apparently increased the plasticity of the wood leading to a lower Young’s modulus and lower levels of stress during compression, greater springback after release of stress and greater recovery after swelling in water. Differences observed in the radial and tangential behaviours were believed to be due to the supporting action of the rays when the wood was compressed in the radial direction in balau and trembling aspen and to the relative difference between the lower density earlywood and higher density latewood regions in ash, Douglas-fir and western red cedar.

Palynology and paleoecology of postglacial sediments in an anoxic basin, Saanich Inlet, British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E. Heusser
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Saanich Inlet ◽  
Anoxic Basin

Varved, black clayey silts deposited in the marine waters of Saanich Inlet yield unusually abundant and diverse pollen assemblages derived from the coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests of southwestern British Columbia. The 12 000 year palynological record chronicles the development of vegetation since ice left Saanich Inlet: the succession of pine (Pinus contorta) and alder (Alnus rubra) woodlands by forests characterized by Douglas-fir and oak (Quercus) and later by western hemlock and red cedar (Thuja plicata). Rapid deposition of annual layers of pollen, charcoal, and other terrigenous particles provides detailed evidence of changes in land use during the past few hundred years: settlement, logging, farming, and urbanization. Vegetational and climatic changes inferred from pollen spectra in the marine sediments of Saanich Inlet compare favorably with changes inferred from correlative pollen assemblages previously described from adjacent parts of Vancouver Island and the Fraser River valley.

Attraction of male Mayetiola thujae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to the sex-pheromone blend of (2S,12S)-, (2S,13S)-, and (2S,14S)-diacetoxyheptadecane is reduced in the presence of the SR- or RR-stereoisomers

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-689
Author(s):  
Regine Gries ◽  
Robb G. Bennett ◽  
Grigori Khaskin ◽  
Gerhard Gries
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trapping ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Synthetic Pheromone ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Sex Pheromone Blend ◽  
Pheromone Blend

AbstractIn a field trapping experiment in an abandoned seed orchard of western red-cedar, Thuja plicata Donn × D. Don, in British Columbia, we show that attraction of male red-cedar cone midges, Mayetiola thujae (Hedlin), to the pheromone blend (2S,12S)-, (2S,13S)-, and (2S,14S)-diacetoxyheptadecane is reduced in the presence of a blend of all other stereoisomers, or of the three SR- or RR-stereoisomers. The three RS-stereoisomers, in contrast, had no significant effect. Thus, synthetic pheromone for monitoring M. thujae populations must not contain the SR- or RR-stereoisomers of 2,12-, 2,13-, and 2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane. This result will allow development of a less expensive design for synthesizing the pheromone.

INVESTIGATIONS OF DECAY IN WESTERN RED CEDAR IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (5) ◽  
pp. 158-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Buckland
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Butt Rot ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Ring Rot ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Investigations of decay in Thuja plicata D. Don. in British Columbia have shown that the major heart-rotting fungi of living western red cedar on the Coast, in decreasing order of importance, are Poria asiatica (Pilát) Overh. (brown cubical pocket and butt rot), Poria albipellucida Baxter (white ring rot), Fomes Pini (Thore) Lloyd (white pitted trunk rot), Merulius sp. (brown crumbly butt rot), and Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc. (spongy white rot). In the Interior of the Province they are Poria asiatica, P. Weirii Murr. (yellow ring rot), Fomes Pini, Polyporus balsameus Peck (brown cubical butt rot), Merulius sp., and Poria subacida. Other fungi attacking the heartwood of living trees less extensively are Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke., F. nigrolimitatus (Romell) Egel., F. pinicola (Sw.) Cke., Armillaria mellea (Fr.) Quél., Omphalia campanella (Fr.) Quél., Polyporus Schweinitzii Fr., and Coniophora cerebella Pers.On the areas investigated, loss through decay in stands 50 to 450 years of age never exceeded growth increment. It was indicated that decay in younger stands was of importance. Loss through decay and incidence of infection was appreciably higher in the Interior than on the Coast. No reliable external indications of decay in the standing tree were found.Deterioration in felled trees was caused by Poria Weirii, P. albipellucida, P. subacida, Armillaria mellea, Omphalia campanella, Fomes annosus, F. nigrolimitatus, and F. pinicola. Polyporus cuneatus (Murr.) Overh., and Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lév. were the major decay organisms of cedar sapwood and slash. Polyporus abietinus (Dicks.) Fr., P. versicolor (L.) Fr., P. semipileatus Peck, P. hirsutus (Wulf.) Fr., and Poria isabellina (Fr.) Overh. were restricted in distribution or of irregular occurrence.To assist in the identification of cultures all the major heart-rotting organisms were grown on tannic and gallic acid media. Seventy-seven species of Basidiomycetes were collected on living and dead Thuja plicata in British Columbia from 1943 to 1945.

Comparison of Drying Rates of Ground Western Red Cedar with Hemlock, Birch, Aspen, and Spruce/Pine/Douglas Fir

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Rezaei ◽  
Jim Lim ◽  
Shahab Sokhansanj
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Drying Rates

HighlightsWRC and SPF generate the largest fraction of small particles (<0.5 mm) during grinding.WRC is slightly low in total sugars, high in lignin content (should make durable pellets), and high in extractives.Aspen followed by WRC has the highest drying rate and the shortest drying time amongst all samples.Smoke point is similar for all wood species and is ~180°C.Abstract.Western red cedar () and yellow cedar () are among the most valuable tree species in British Columbia. These species make up about 20% of the coastal timber volumes and mostly are used as lumber for construction applications where resistance against decay is important. The use of red cedar for pellet production has been uncertain because it appears cedar has a tendency to cause fires in rotary drum dryers when compared to other wood species like pine and Douglas Fir. The scientific reasons for the reported fire incident are not known. The goal of the current study is to investigate the drying rates and the range of combustion temperature for western red cedar and five other wood species that either are used or have potential to be used for palletization purposes in British Columbia. Red cedar and Spruce/Pine/Fir (SPF) generate the largest fraction of small particles (<0.5 mm) during grinding. Almost 93% of cedar particles are less than 1 mm. Cedar has a high carbon content and low oxygen content that causes cedar has higher calorific value than other species. During a drying process, aspen following by cedar has the highest drying rate and the shortest drying time amongst all samples. The smoke point is similar for all wood species and is ~180°C. So, in the case of high temperature drying (beyond the smoke point) of mixed feedstocks with similar size, red cedar dries faster and starts smoking at dryer output. Keywords: Chemical composition, Drying rate, Physical characterization, Smoke point, Western red cedar.

Description and Habits of a New Species of Phytophaga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Western Red Cedar Cones

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 719-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Gall Midges ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
A New Species

Gall midges have been reported from cones of western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn., but none have been described. Keen (1958) reported the occurrence in Washington and Oregon of a cone midge which was credited with destroying 90 per cent of the seed. In 1940 Prebble and Graham reported a midge in cones of western red cedar at Cowichan Lake, B.C. These reports almost certainly refer to the midge described here. The only other species taken from red cedar cones was Lestodiplosis taxiconis Foote, but it occurred in verysmall numbers; previously it has been reported only from cones of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Foote, 1956).

Life History and Habits of Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia

1956 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walters ◽  
L. H. McMullen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Western North America ◽  
The West ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Yellow Pine

The Douglas-fir hylesinus, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte), is a common bark beetle in western North America from British Columbia to Mexico. Although Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, is the preferred host, the beetle has been collected also from western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn, grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., amabilis fir, Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forb., and western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., on the west coast of British Columbia, and from western hemlock and western yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in the interior of the Province. Swaine (1918) describes Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Lec.) as “a slender species, with strong colour-markings in dark and light reddish-brown; the male very densely clothed with stout scales; the epistomal lobe strongly developed; length, 2.8 mm.; width, 1.2 mm. The supposed female has interspace 9 on the declivity less strongly serrate, and the elytral scales decidedly elongate and becoming plumose towards the base.”

OBSERVATIONS ON FOLIAGE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SEVERAL CONIFEROUS TREE SPECIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Beaton ◽  
A. Moss ◽  
I. MacRae ◽  
J. W. Konkin ◽  
W. P. T. McGhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Western Red Cedar ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur in needles of alpine fir, amabilis fir, western red cedar, Douglas fir, western hemlock, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce and Sitka spruce trees growing in a number of areas of British Columbia was determined.Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of alpine fir seedlings was 1.05-1.85, 0.18-0.26, 0.70-1.08, 0.29-.044, 0.07-0.11, and 0.12-0.16 per cent, respectively. The nutrient content in the same order was 0.99, 0.16, 1.20, 0.30, 0.08, and 0.12 per cent in a single group of amabilis fir samples.In the lone set of western red cedar samples the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were in the order of 0.73, 0.13, 0.52, 1.16, 0.10 and 0.07 per cent.The percentage of the six nutrients in current Douglas fir needles from seven locations was 0.88-1.37, 0.12-0.22, 0.38-0.70, 0.16-0.44, 0.07-0.18, and 0.14-0.25 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively.The nutrient content of current needles of western hemlock from three sites was N = 0.86-1.17, P = 0.11-0.19, K = 0.28-0.57, Ca = 0.18-0.27, Mg = 0.08-0.12 and S = 0.10-0.15 per cent.Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and S concentration in current needles from three lots of lodgepole pine seedlings was 1.18-1.77, 0.15-0.18, 0.45-0.62, 0.16-0.26, 0.11-0.14 and 0.12-0.21 per cent, respectively. The corresponding values in needles from older trees were in the order 0.97-1.12, 0.09-0.12, 0.35-0.39, 0.15-0.16, 0.08-0.12 and 0.09-0.11.Per cent N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in current needles of three groups of Engelmann spruce seedlings was in the order 1.26-1.72, 0.21-0.29, 0.71-0.80, 0.44-0.58, 0.13-0.15 and 0.13-0.19. Concentration of these nutrients in older trees was 0.92-1.08, 0.20, 0.70-0.88, 0.28-0.33, 0.11-0.12 and 0.12-0.14 per cent, respectively.

Life History and Habits of a Midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Western Red Cedar Cones

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 950-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Western Red Cedar

AbstractThe midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin, is a common pest in cones of western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn. In some years nearly 100% of cones in localities on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, are infested.Adults emerge in March and April to oviposit on young cones. Eggs hatch during April and May. Larvae feed on seeds and scales, and in late summer spin cocoons in the cones, in which to overwinter. Prepupal and pupal development occur during winter.Mortality factors include parasites and competition. Species of Torymus and Tetrastichus parasitize larvae of the midge. In years of severe infestation, competition in early stages can cause considerable mortality.A portion of the population may remain in diapause in the larval stage each year.

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