Pipe breaks and the role of leaks from an economic perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Colombo ◽  
B.W. Karney
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Hydraulic Transients ◽  
Attenuation Effect ◽  
Leak Location ◽  
Pipe Rehabilitation ◽  
Analytical Expressions

A map depicting the major elements, interactions, and life cycle analysis issues of a typical water distribution system is presented as a network labyrinth. From this, focus is placed on the influence of leaks on energy and water consumption as well as the dissipation of hydraulic transients. Straightforward analytical expressions are derived in order to relate the energy efficiency of a leaky pipe to leak location and orifice properties. The ability of leaks to relieve pressure during hydraulic transients is briefly discussed with several challenges and issues surrounding the quantification of this attenuation effect being put forward. Considered from the broader perspective of the network labyrinth, a better understanding of leak related effects has implications for pipe rehabilitation models, system economics and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Biofilms from a Brazilian water distribution system include filamentous fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.M. Siqueira ◽  
H.M.B. Oliveira ◽  
C. Santos ◽  
R.R.M. Paterson ◽  
N.B. Gusmão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Calcofluor White

Filamentous fungi in drinking water can block water pipes, can cause organoleptic biodeterioration, and are a source of pathogens. There are increasing reports of the involvement of the organisms in biofilms. This present study describes a sampling device that can be inserted directly into pipes within water distribution systems, allowing biofilm formation in situ. Calcofluor White M2R staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization with morphological analyses using epifluorescent microscopy were used to analyse biofilms for filamentous fungi, permitting direct observation of the fungi. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) was applied to detect bacteria. Filamentous fungi were detected in biofilms after 6 months on coupons exposed to raw water, decanted water and at the entrance of the water distribution system. Algae, yeast, and bacteria were also observed. The role of filamentous fungi requires further investigations.

scholarly journals GPU Acceleration of Hydraulic Transient Simulations of Large-Scale Water Supply Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Wanwan Meng ◽  
Yongguang Cheng ◽  
Jiayang Wu ◽  
Zhiyan Yang ◽  
Yunxian Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parallel Implementation ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hydraulic Transients ◽  
Practical Applications

Simulating hydraulic transients in ultra-long water (oil, gas) transmission or large-scale distribution systems are time-consuming, and exploring ways to improve the simulation efficiency is an essential research direction. The parallel implementation of the method of characteristics (MOC) on graphics processing unit (GPU) chips is a promising approach for accelerating the simulations, because GPU has a great parallelization ability for massive but simple computations, and the explicit and local features of MOC meet the features of GPU quite well. In this paper, we propose and verify a GPU implementation of MOC on a single chip for more efficient simulations of hydraulic transients. Details of GPU-MOC parallel strategies are introduced, and the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are verified by simulating the benchmark single pipe water hammer problem. The transient processes of a large scale water distribution system and a long-distance water transmission system are simulated to investigate the computing capability of the proposed method. The results show that GPU-MOC method can achieve significant performance gains, and the speedup ratios are up to hundreds compared to the traditional method. This preliminary work demonstrates that GPU-MOC parallel computing has great prospects in practical applications with large computing load.

Energy Dissipation Mechanisms in Water Distribution Systems

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan W. Karney ◽  
Yves R. Filion
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Transient Simulations ◽  
Surge Control ◽  
Water Transmission ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

An important issue in the context of design and analysis of a water distribution system is the rate of energy dissipation of a transient disturbance. In this paper, a preliminary numerical investigation is undertaken to establish the role and significance of primary energy dissipation mechanisms commonly found in water transmission and distribution systems. The role of steady friction, unwanted leaks, topological complexity and surge control devices in the decay of transient energy is preliminarily investigated. An energy approach previously derived is reviewed and used to track the progress of dissipation in a system. Transient simulations are run on a hypothetical series pipeline and distribution network with a waterhammer simulator to explore the dissipative effectiveness of some of the primary mechanisms.

scholarly journals Role of typical pipes in disinfection chemistry within drinking water distribution system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Ma ◽  
Xiazhen Jia ◽  
Hongda Han ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Dongmei Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Ductile Iron ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Pipe Water ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

Abstract Deep insight into the forces driving chloramine decay in different material of pipes is the key to take sound actions to cope with the pipe water quality deterioration. By using the newly developed RTCDM (refined Total Chloramine Decay Model) and pipe section reactor, the role of four typical pipes in disinfection chemistry was qualitatively and quantitatively compared, and the mechanism of pipe wall mediated chloramine decay was further described. As for the four typical pipes studied, the ability of deteriorating water quality, especially for accelerating TCR decay was in the order of cast iron pipe > steel pipe > cement lined ductile iron pipe > polypropylene-random pipe. Cast iron pipe, cement lined ductile iron pipe, and steel pipe with long serving age are characterized by one or two driven forces leading to TCR decay. Aged cast iron pipe could consume chloramine by Fe(0) and microbe (especially for nitrifier) spreading over the inner wall. Aged steel pipe is characterized by aggressive electrochemical corrosion and weak nitrification. Lime and gypsum leaching is the main cause, and nitrification/denitrification may also occur in aged cement lined ductile iron pipe. Polypropylene-random pipe has minimum effect on disinfection chemistry. This knowledge is of value in speculating the reasons leading to TCR loss in the full scale distribution system.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure in a Drinking Water Distribution System during an Occurrence of Red Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (21) ◽  
pp. 7171-7180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Jianwei Yu ◽  
Nan Cao ◽  
Ruyin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Normal Water ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT The role of bacteria in the occasional emergence of red water, which has been documented worldwide, has yet to be determined. To better understand the mechanisms that drive occurrences of red water, the bacterial community composition and the relative abundance of several functional bacterial groups in a water distribution system of Beijing during a large-scale red water event were determined using several molecular methods. Individual clone libraries of the 16S rRNA gene were constructed for three red water samples and one sample of normal water. Beta-, Alpha-, and Gammaproteobacteria comprised the major bacterial communities in both red water and normal water samples, in agreement with previous reports. A high percentage of red water clones (25.2 to 57.1%) were affiliated with or closely related to a diverse array of iron-oxidizing bacteria, including the neutrophilic microaerobic genera Gallionella and Sideroxydans, the acidophilic species Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans, and the anaerobic denitrifying Thermomonas bacteria. The genus Gallionella comprised 18.7 to 28.6% of all clones in the three red water libraries. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the 16S rRNA gene copy concentration of Gallionella spp. was between (4.1 ± 0.9) × 107 (mean ± standard deviation) and (1.6 ± 0.3) × 108 per liter in red water, accounting for 13.1% ± 2.9% to 17.2% ± 3.6% of the total Bacteria spp. in these samples. By comparison, the percentages of Gallionella spp. in the normal water samples were 0.1% or lower (below the limit of detection), suggesting an important role of Gallionella spp. in the formation of red water.

scholarly journals The role of water distribution networks in water supply

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-846
Author(s):  
Stephen Nyende-Byakika
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Supply Management ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Water Supply Management

Abstract In water supply management it is commonly thought that consumer satisfaction depends mostly on the amount of water discharged to a network. Because of this, complaints about inadequate supply are usually blamed on insufficient production. However, a recent study by the author indicated that the water distribution and supply network is equally important. A water network modelled in EPANET2 hydraulic solver was subjected to various conditions and constraints, and its responses analyzed. For water to be supplied efficiently, and in addition to augmenting production, greater emphasis must be put on the distribution system. This must be designed and optimized appropriately, to deliver water at the required pressure and discharge. In particular, higher pressures can be obtained when larger diameter pipes are used because friction losses are reduced, thereby reducing pumping costs. One way to improve pressure is by limiting demand.

scholarly journals Expert-Amateurs and Smart Citizens: How Digitalization Reconfigures Lima’s Water Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-323
Author(s):  
Fenna Imara Hoefsloot ◽  
Javier Martínez ◽  
Christine Richter ◽  
Karin Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Digital Governance

In Lima, residents are fundamental co-creators of the urban water infrastructure, taking up various roles in the operation, maintenance, and expansion of the water distribution system. As Lima’s potable water company presses the transition from decentralized and auto-constructed to centralized and digital, this article explores how the implementation of digital infrastructure reconfigures the role of residents in the water distribution system. Our analysis draws on an ethnographic research approach, using formal and informal interviews, and focus groups in three areas representing Lima’s diversity in settlement categories and types of water consumers. By analyzing the digitalization of Lima’s water infrastructure through the perspective of its residents, this research contributes to understanding how top-down, digital governance practices mediate the agency and everyday experiences of people living in Southern cities. We observe that the digitalization of the water infrastructure marginalizes the participation of the ‘expert-amateur,’ a crucial role in the development of urban in the Global South, while providing more space for the ‘smart citizen’ to engage in infrastructuring. This article concludes that to overcome the perpetual creation of the center and the periphery through digitalization, urban infrastructure management should be sensitive to residents’ diverse strategies in managing resources.

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